Anemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes and Effects

Anemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes and EffectsAnemia is defined as the decline in the number of the normal number of (RBCs) Red Blood Cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood of the individual at the specific age and life phase ascribable to which the oxygen carrying subject matter of the blood gets reduced (Medicine Net- definition of Anemia, 2000). WHO defines anaemia by fall in the hemoglobin below the threshold limit for explicit age and body stand for as limit in g/dL for- children (0.5 to 5 years) is 11, children (5 to 12 years) is 11.5, children 12 to 15 years) is 12, women non-pregnant (15 years) is 12, pregnant women is 11 and men (15 years) is 13 (WHO, 2008).Anemia go off be categorized according to the morphological size of the Red Blood Corpuscles, diagnosed by the microscopic examination of encircling(prenominal) blood smear through the tally called Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). The normal size of RBCs is 80-100 femtolitre (fl.) and anemic indeed called Normocytic anaemia but if the cells are gauzyer than normal 80 fl and anemic then named Microcytic genus Anemia if larger than 100fl. then anemia is classified as Macrocytic anemia. In the Macrocytic anemic condition the most special K etiology is Megaloblastic anemia which is due to insufficiency of Vitamin B12 or folic acid or both. The deficiency of Vitamin B12 or pteroylglutamic acid can be either due to inadequate intake or panty absorption by the body. Vitamin B12 deficiency produce neurological symptoms, but the vitamin M deficiency does not produce such publication. The lack of intrinsic means mandatory to soak up Vitamin B12 from the diet causes the Megaloblastic anemic and the condition is called pernicious anemia. The shortage of intrinsic factor whitethorn arise from an elevator car immune condition aiming the parietal cells or the gastric lining (atrophic gastritis) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself- which lead to poor absorption of the Vitamin B12. The removal of the functional ascribe of the stomach can be caused during the process of gastric bypass surgical procedure leads to reduced Vitamin B12 or vitamin M absorption.Prevalence of condition bad anemia accounts for about 80 % of megaloblastic anemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Parietal cell antibody and antibodies to intrinsic factor are found in well all cases. 90% of patients have antibodies to parietal cells and their components including antibodies to intrinsic factor and proton pump H, K-ATPase (Burman Mardh et.al., 1989). About 50 percent of the patients have thyroid antibodies (Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2008). lethal anemia may be associated with simple gastric atrophy in 15% of people age 40-60 and 20 to 30% of the older population. Pathology shows that gastritis with all layers of the body and fundus atrophied. The antrum is spared in more than 80% of patients (Merck Manual).The prevalence of the pernicious anemia in general population is not known and is difficult to ascertain because of diverse etiologies and different assays that is radioassay or chemoilluminescence. The incidence of the disease is 110,000 in northern Europe. The disease occurs in all races. The peak age is 60 and the condition is more common in those with blue eyes, early graying, a positive family history and blood group A. The condition has female male ratio of 1.6 1.0 (Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2008). Pernicious anemia may be first diagnosed incidentally during the investigation of reversible diarrhea (Marty, 1984).The recent WHO review has shown that the majority of the data on the prevalence of folate and Vitamin B12 deficiencies has been derived from relatively small and local surveys and these along with the national surveys data from few of the countries suggest that both of these deficiencies may be a public health problem that could affect legion(predicate) a(prenominal) million of peop le throughout the world. Low blood concentrations of the vitamins occur across the population groups and in countries in various stages of development. There is strong evidence of offhand relationship between low maternal folate intake or lower status and change magnitude risk of neural tube defects- and for protective effect of folic acid supplementation or consumption of fortified foods, in the preconception period, against the neural defects. This association has been confirmed in 2 randomized clinical trials, in large scale supplementation trials in China, and from post-fortification data of the countries standardized United States of America, Chile and Canada (WHO, 2008).The evidence of the relation between the serum or plasma folate concentrations and cognitive function is weaker in children than in adults. Some studies have reported lower scores in the school children with low folate status (Borjel Nilsson et.al., 2005). African -American populations are known to have a n earlier age presentation (Chanarin, 1979). According to WHO review in United Kingdom among pregnant women 15.2 percent are anemic, among non-pregnant women of fruitful age about 8.8 percent are anemic, and among pre-school age children 8 percent are anemic. (WHO- Global database on Anemia)Path physiology of conditionStructure of Vitamin B12Vitamin B12 structurally is a obscure molecule in which a cobalt atom is present in a corrin ring. Basically, Vitamin B12 is present in the animal protein.Vitamin Storage in the proboscisLiver stores about half of the total body stores of about 2-5 milligrams. The recommended daily intake for adults is 2 mcg/d, pregnant and lactating women is 2.6mcg/d while children get hold of 0.7mcg/d and adolescents up to 2mcg/day. Vitamin B12 is highly conserved through the entero-hepatic circulation, antipernicious anemia factor deficiency from mal-absorption develops after 2 to 5 years and the deficiency from dietary inadequacy in vegetarians develops after 10 to 20 years.Vitamin Absorption mechanismThe low pH of stomach cleaves cobalamin from the ingested dietary proteins. The free cobalamin binds to the gastric R ligature (a glycoprotein in saliva) and the complex travels to the duodenum and jejunum, where pancreatic peptidases digest the complex and release cobalamin. The free cobalamin is capable then to bind with gastric intrinsic factor (IF), a glycoprotein produced by the gastric parietal cells, the secretion of which parallels that of hydrochloric acid. That is why in states of achorhydria, IF secretion is reduced, leading to cobalamin deficiency. Significantly, only 99 percent of the ingested cobalamin requires intrinsic factor for absorption. Up to 1 percent of free cobalamin is passively absorbed through the terminal ileum. Due to this logic oral replacement of the Vitamin B12 with large quantities is suggested for Pernicious anemic conditions (Weir Scott et.al, 1998).As the intrinsic factor binds with Vitamin B12, resistance develops for further digestion of Vitamin B12. The complex travels to the distal ileum and binds to specific mucosal brush border receptor, Cublin- which facilitates the internalization of the cobalamin IF complex in an energy dependant process. Once internalized, IF is removed and cobalamin transferred to the other transport proteins transcobalamin I, II, III (TCI, TCII, TCIII). About 80% of cobalamin is bound to TCI/III, whose function in the cobalamin metabolism is unidentified. The remaining 20 percent binds with TCII, which is the physiological transport protein produced by endothelial cells. Its half life is 6-9 minutes because the deliverance to station tissues is fast.Cobalamin TCII complex is secreted into the portal blood where it is taken up mainly in the liver and bone marrow and some other tissues. The phase when it reaches the cytoplasm, cobalamin is liberated from the complex by lysosomal degradation. The enzyme mediated reduction process of the cobalt o ccurs by cytoplasmic methyl groupation to contrive methylcobalamin or by mitochondrial adenosylation to form adenosylcobalmin- which are the two main active forms of cobalamin (Weir Scott, 1999).Role of Vitamin B12 in bone marrow functionMethylcobalamin in the cytoplasm- acts as cofactor for the methionine synthesis by allowing transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) to homocysteine (HC), forming methionine and demethylated tetrahydrofolate (THF). This results in decrease in the take of homocysteine in the serum, which appears to be toxic to the endothelial cells. Methionine is further metabolized to S-adenosylmethinine. THF is utilized in the DNA synthesis. The polyglutamate converted form of THF participated in the purine synthesis and the conversion of deoxyuridylate (dUTP) to deoxythymidine monophospahe (dTMP), which is then phosphorylated to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). dTTP is required for DNA synthesis, thus in VitaminB12 deficiency- the formation of dTTP and the accumulation of 5-methyl THF is inadequate, trapping folate in tits unusable form, thereby leading to impeded DNA synthesis. RNA contains dTP (deoxyuracil triphosphate) instead of dTTP, allowing for protein synthesis to proceed uninterrupted and resulting in macrocytosis and cytonuclear dissociation.After folate deficiency, as equal mechanisms are responsible to cause macrocytosis and cytonuclear dissociation that is why both deficiencies lead to Megaloblastic anemia and disordered maturation in the granulocytic linkages, therefore folate supplementation can reverse the hemotologic abnormalities of Vitamin B12 deficiency but has no impact on the neurological abnormalities of vitamin B12 deficiency.Pernicious anemia is commonly seen in individuals having atrophic gastritis, auto immune destruction of gastric parietal cells which leads to lack of intrinsic factor for the absorption of Vitamin B12 and this ultimately give rise to Vitamin B12 deficiency (K umar, 2007). The loss of the ability to absorb Vitamin B12 is the most common cause of adult vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 and folate co enzyme are required for the thymidylate and purine synthesis, thus their deficiency results in retarded DNA synthesis. In folate and Vitamin B12 deficiency the defect in DNA synthesis affects other rapidly dividing cells as well, which may be manifested as glossitis, skin changes and flattening of the intestinal villi (Masnou Llavat et.al., 2007). The synthesis of DNA may also be delayed when certain chemotherapeutic agents like folate anstagonists (methotrexate), purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine) and pyrimidine antagonists are used. In addition to non explicit symptoms of anemia, exact features of Vitamin B12 deficiency include peripheral neuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, which results in balance difficulties from posterior column spinal cord pathology (Niranjan, 2006).Dietary linksMost of the microorga nisms even including bacterium and algae- synthesize vitamin B12 and they form the only main source of this vitamin (Chanarin, 1979). The Vitamin B12 synthesized in the microorganisms enters the human food chain through amalgamation into the food of the animal origin. In many animals, gastrointestinal zymosis supports the growth of these Vitamin B12 forming microorganisms and consequently the vitamin is absorbed into the animal tissues. This is principally accurate for the liver- where the vitamin B 12 is stored in the large quantities. The products from the herbivorous animals like milk, gist and eggs thus comprise the significant dietary source of the vitamin, unless the animal is surviving in one of the many regions in the world which is geochemically deficient in cobalt (Smith, 1987).Milk from cows and humans contains binders with very high affinity for Vitamin B12, though whether they hamper or promote intestinal absorption is not all clear. Omnivores and carnivores, includ ing humans derive dietary vitamin B12 almost exclusively from animal tissues or products like milk, butter, cheese, eggs, meat, poultry etc. This appears that the vitamin B12 derived from the microflora in any appreciable quantities, although vegetable fermentation preparations have been reported as being possible sources of vitamin B12 (Berg Dagnelie et.al., 1988). About pint of milk contains 1.2g, a slice of vegetarian cheddar cheese 40gm contains 50g, 1 turn egg contains 0.7g of Vitamin B12. The process fermentation in order to prepare yoghurt destroys ofttimes of the B12 present. Boiling milk can also destroy much of the vitamin B12 present in it (Vegatarian Society England- Information Sheet).The compensatement of vitamin B12 deficiency linked anemia is not permanent as the temporary cure and the cessation of the anemia related symptoms depends on the repletion of the Vitamin B12. The most accessible or inexpensive method to replenish vitamin B12 is through dietary supplem entation in the of sublingual B12 tablets easy widely throughout the world. The oral and sublingual B12 are absorbed equally well but in the study subjects were not selected to be having pernicious anemia. anemic patients may need sublingual cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin tablets which permits absorption through the mucous membrane of the mouth thus bypassing the gastrointestinal tract completely therefore no risk of intrinsic factor discrepancy (Sharabi Sulkes et.al., 2003).In some studies oral tablets were used but they were required in very high doses to treat pernicious anemia were required (Lederle, 1998). The effectiveness of the high dose of vitamin B12 tablets to treat ordinary pernicious anemia is very well established. High oral judgeship allows B12 to be absorbed in places other than the terminal ileum. In a study it was found that oral B12 repletion was more effective than injections (Butler Vidal, 2006). Innovative preference methods of administering B12, inclu ding nasal sprays and behind the ear patches. In small study in mid 1997 with just 6 participants found that the intranasal administration of B12 led to increases in plasma cobalamin even up to 8 times of the given patients baseline measurement (Slot Merkus et.al., 1997).Evidence from epidemiological studiesAccording to the epidemiological study conducted in 2005 Pernicious anemia is more common in type diabetics than in non-diabetic subjects, but it is clinically silent until its end stage. The high prevalence of latent Pernicious anemia in Diabetes mellitus type 1 patients leads to the recommendation of screening using serum pepsinogen 1 concentrations (Nuria Lusia, 2005).The risk of cancers of buccal cavity, stomach and colon along with lymphoma and leukemia is shown to be increased in case reports of patients in hospital based and cross sectional studies in a cohort study of 1993. Even the cancer of esophagus and pancreas also remain elevated throughout the study and the follo w-up period (Hsing Hansson et.al., 1993).The epidemiological study conducted in 1996 among U.S. population has shown that undiagnosed pernicious anemia is a common get a lineing in the elderly people of United States with undiagnosed and untreated pernicious anemia and is having possibility for masked cobalamin deficiency (Carmel, 1996).The study conducted in 2003 to find the link between infection of H.Pylori and the gastric autoimmune diseases like pernicious anemia. This epidemiological study has depicted that the frequent detection of H pylori in subjects with early gastric autoimmunity indicated by parietal cell antibodies suggests that- H. pylori could have crucial role to play in the induction and the maintenance of the autoimmunity at the gastric level (Fabio Beatrice et.al., 2003).ConclusionsAs the totally vegetarians do not consume any animal products, they are at high risk of create vitamin B12 deficiency. It is generally agreed that in some communities the only sourc e of vitamin B12 is from contamination of food by microorganisms. When vegetarians move to countries where there are high standards of hygiene and the rules of sanitation are stringent, there is pricey evidence that risk of vitamin B12 deficiency increases in adults and particularly in children born to and breastfed by women who are strict vegans.As standards of hygiene improve in developing countries, there is a concern that the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency might occur or increase. This should be ascertained by estimating plasma vitamin B12 levels, preferably in alinement with plasma levels in representative adult populations and in infants. Further research needs include Ascertaining the contribution that fermented vegetable foods make to the vitamin B12 status of vegans communities.Investigating the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in developing countries to determine its extent in exacerbating vitamin B12 deficiency.Relation of pernicious anemia with the fatal or other chronic diseases like those of endocrinal, cardiac or renal system.Dietary or supplementary innovative methods are still to be researched to find easy suitable methods to manage vitamin B12 deficiency.To find permanent cure of the disease by some biological stem cell therapy method or repair of the gastric lining to cover up the deficiency of intrinsic factor and break down the pathological cycle of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

"The Yellow Wallpaper", A Descent Into MadnessIn the nineteenth century, women in literature were often portrayed as instrumental to men. Literature of the period often characterized women as oppressed by society, as well as by the male influences in their lives. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman presents the tragic story of a womans descent into depression and madness because of this oppression.The narrators declining mental health is reflected through the characteristics of the house she is trapped in and her husband, while trying to treasure her, is actually destroying her. The narrator of the story goes with her doctor/husband to stay in a colonial mansion for the summer. The house is supposed to be a fructify where she can recover from sever postpartum depression. According to Jennifer Fleissner, "naturalist characters like the narrator of Gilmans "The Yellow Wallpaper" is shown obsessed with the details of an entrapping interior ity. In such an prototype we see naturalisms clearest alteration of previous understandings of gender its refiguration of domestic spaces, and hence, domestic identity according to the narrative of repetitive work and compulsion that had once served to distinguish frequent life from a sentimentary understood floor" Fleissner 59."The Yellow Wallpaper" is a fictionalized account of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans own postpartum depression. Gilman was a social critic and feminist who wrote prolifically or so the necessity of social and sexual equality, particularly about womens need for economic independence. According to critic Valarie Gill, "Gilman attached the nineteenth centurys configuration of private space as womans domain and its attendant generalizations about femininity. Gilman seeks to blur the distinction between private and public life. Gilman unflaggingly urged her audience to consider their logic in assigning women to the home. The composition of home life altered radically between the beginning and final decades of the nineteenth century" (17).The narrator loves her baby, but knows she is not able to take care of him. "It is favored Mary is so good with the baby. Such a deer baby And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me nervous" (Gilman 359). The symbolism utilized by Gilman is fairly askew from the conventional. A house us... ...ver been written to show why so many woman go crazy, especially farmers wives, who live lonely, monotonous lives. A husband of the kind described that he could not account for his wifes having gone insane & amp8211 for, said he, "to my certain knowledge she has hardly left her kitchen and bedroom in 30 years" (60). Critic Sharon Felton says, "Even if we should move back every legal and political discrimination against women even if we should accept their true dignity and power as a sex so long as their universal business is private housework they remain, industrially, at the leve l of private domestic land drive and economically a non productive, dependent class . The wonder is not that so many women break down, but so few" (273). Critic Sharon Felton "Even if we should remove every legal and political discrimination against women even if we should accept their true dignity and power as a sex so long as their universal business is private housework they remain, industrially, at the level of private domestic hand labor and economically a non productive, dependent class &8230.The wonder is not that so many women break down, but so few."(273)

Roman Woman Profile Essay -- Sculpture Art Roman Essays

Roman Woman ProfileThe sculpture that we have observed has been dated to the first half of the first century C.E. This places the depicting during the Julio-Claudian period in Roman history. From the information we have gathered about the time period, the womans style of dress and of the types of sculpture prevelant during the period, we have formed a come-at-able profile of the daily life of the subject.It was determined that the wowork force in the portrait was most likely a freeborn, upper-middle class citizen of Rome. The portrait seems to have been a part of a funerary monument, a conclusion which was drawn due to the pattern of cleavage observed at the back of her head and the sides of her face. It was also observed that there was a piece of metal in the back of the head which could have been used to clasp the head to the monument. Comparisons with other known funerary monuments corroberate with this explanation. Since this is the likely case, several determinations lav be m ade. Not many funerary monuments were made for the lower class, but for the upper class, parents often prepared funerary monuments for their daughters after having married them off (Pomeroy 149-189). utilise this rationale, it can be concluded that she remained in the upper class after marriage, as upper class women were often married to upper class men (Pomeroy 149-189). The veristic form of sculpturing used led us to believe that she was not a part of the elite court class, for during the Julio-Claudian period, most portraits of upper class women were of the idealistic, eternal juvenility imagery, exhibiting smooth, beautiful features (Kleiner 139). The portrait of our Julio-Claudian matron, however, exhibited many realistic features that would not exemplify be... ...ed only women and some at which both men and women were present. She had leadership over her household, including her children and slaves, though she was instrumental to her husband.Works CitedCormack, S. (1996). The Domestic Realm. In D. E. Kleiner and S. B. Matheson (Eds.) I Claudia Women in Ancient Rome (pp. 167). University of Texas Press. Austin, TX.Johansen, F. (1994). Catalogue. In A. M Neilson (Ed). Roman Portraits I. (pp. 246-7). Bianco Luno Copenhagen.Kleiner, Diana E. (1992). Art under the Julio-Claudians. Roman Sculpture. (pp. 139). New Haven, Bt Yale University Press.Peradotto, J. (1984). Women in the Ancient World. (pp. 241) New York, NY State University of New York Press.Pomeroy, S. (1976). The Roman matron of the late republic and early empire. Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves. (pp. 149-189). New York, NY Schocken Books.

Lucid Dreaming Essays -- Reserach Dreaming Dreams Essays

Lucid Dreaming Austin based filmmaker Richard Linklater recently released a movie that is a dream. By that I mean both that it is about a dream, and that it is dreamlike. Waking Life received mixed reviews, but it also sparked brand-new interest in an idea that has actually been around a long time lucid dreaming. In this paper I intend to explore the supposition of lucidity in dreams, and to concentrate on the research of Stanford Universitys Stephen LaBerge, who has used lucid dreaming as a tool to better understand the biological phenomena of rest and dreams. Basically, lucid dreaming is being aware that you are dreaming(1). In the late 19th century, Frederik van Eeden published his observations about his own lucid dreams. He describe the sensation of being able to freely remember the circumstances of waking life, to think clearly, and to act deliberately upon reflection, all while experiencing a dream human beings that seems vividly real(2) (3). Lucid dreams are not reported often, although a 1988 study by Snyder and Gackenbach indicated that as many as 58 % of people report having had at least whizz lucid dream in their life time, with 21 % having them as regularly as once a month(2). LaBerge was the among first scientists to provide scientific evidence supporting the phenomena in the early 1980s(4). His research has shown several techniques to be successful tools to help an individual learn how to become lucid in a dream. Lucid Dreaming Fact or Fiction? Scientific debate regarding the validity of lucid dreams has existed for some time. Some believed that so-called lucid dreams were not dreams at all, but brief arousals from the sleeping state analogous to day dreaming. As recently as 1985 David Foulkes ... ...ry, dream lucidity appears to be a valid phenomena and one many people hope to achieve for themselves. Whatever your interest in the topic, you are sure to find an outlet for it in the plethora of internet resources usable on the topic. Internet Sources1)Lucidity For All http//www.ld4all.com/index.html2)The Lucidity Institute Site Lucid Dreaming Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep, by Stephen LaBerge, Ph. D. http//www.lucidity.com/SleepAndCognition.html3) The Lucidity Institute A discipline of Dreams , by Frederik van Eedenhttp//www.lucidity.com/vanEeden.html4) Waking the Dreamer, Levity.comhttp//www.levity.com/mavericks/lab-int.htm5) Dreaming Lucid and Non Lucid , by David Foulkeshttp//www.sawka.com/spiritwatch/dreaming.htm6) The Lucid Dreaming Guildhttp//www.geocities.com/lucidguild/

Nature Imagery and Themes in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

Charlotte Bronte makes use of nature imagery throughout Jane Eyre, and comments on twain the human relationship with the outdoors and human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines nature as 1. the phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a things indwelling qualities a persons or animals innate character . . . 4. vital force, functions, or needs. We will see how Jane Eyre comments on all of these. Several natural themes run through the novel, unity of which is the image of a stormy sea. After Jane saves Rochesters life, she gives us the following metaphor of their relationship Till morning dawned I was tossed on a buoyant provided unquiet sea . . . I thought sometimes I saw beyond its wild waters a shore . . . now and then a freshening gale, wakened by hope, bore my spirit triumphantly towards the bourne but . . . a counteracting breeze blew off land, and continually drove me back. The gale is all the forces that prevent Janes union with Rochester. Later, Br ont, whether it be intentional or not, conjures up the image of a buoyant sea when Rochester says of Jane Your habitual expression in those days, Jane, was . . . not buoyant. In fact, it is this buoyancy of Janes relationship with Rochester that keeps Jane purposeless at her time of crisis in the heath Why do I struggle to retain a valueless life? Because I know, or believe, Mr. Rochester is living. some other recurrent image is Bronts treatment of Birds. We first witness Janes fascination when she reads Bewicks History of British Birds as a child. She reads of death-white realms and the solitary rocks and promontories of sea-fowl. We quickly see how Jane identifies with the snicker. For her it is a diversity of bunk, the idea of flying above the toils of every day life. Several times the narrator talks of feeding birds crumbs. Perhaps Bront is telling us that this idea of escape is no more than a fantasy -- one cannot escape when one must return for basic sustenance. The lin k between Jane and birds is strengthened by the way of life Bront adumbrates poor nutrition at Lowood through a bird who is described as a little hungry robin. Bront brings the buoyant sea theme and the bird theme together in the passage describing the first painting of Janes that Rochester examines.

Computer Viruses and their Effects on the Computer :: Computers Software Technology Essays

Computer Viruses and their Effects on the ComputerIn our wellness-conscious society, viruses of any type are an enemy. Computer viruses are specially pernicious. They can and do strike any unprotected computer system, with results that range from merely annoying to the disastrous, time-consuming and expensive loss of software and data. And with corporations increasingly victimisation computers for enterprise-wide, business-critical computing, the costs of virus-induced down-time are growing along with the threat from viruses themselves. Concern is justified - but unbridled paranoia is not. Just as proper diet, exercise and preventative health care can add years to your life, prudent and cost-effective anti-virus strategies can minimize your exposure to computer viruses.Because Symantec is the worlds largest supplier of anti-virus technology, we are uniquely able to liberty chit comprehensive virus testimonial options and service plans. As an introduction, we offer this white pape r series. In concise text, graphs and illustrations, we will give you a overview ofA storey of computer viruses Who writes viruses - and how they can reach you The early warning symptoms of virus infection The real numbers behind the growth of viruses and their costs How viruses work - and how virus protection can stop them Anti-virus tools from Symantec for enterprise-wide, multi-platform, state-of-the-art protection What, Exactly, Is A Computer Virus?A computer virus is a design designed to replicate and spread, in the main with the victim being oblivious to its existence. Computer viruses spread by attaching themselves to other programs (e.g., word processors or spreadsheets application files) or to the boot sector of a disk. When an septic file is activated - or executed - or when the computer is started from an infect disk, the virus itself is also executed. Often, it lurks in computer memory, waiting to infect the next program that is activated, or the next disk that is a ccessed.What makes viruses dangerous is their ability to perform an event. While someevents are benign (e.g. displaying a message on a certain(a) date) and others annoying (e.g., slowing performance or altering the screen display), some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files, destroying data and crashing systems.How Do Infections interruption?Viruses come from a variety of sources. Because a virus is software code, it can be transmitted along with any legitimate software that enters your environmentIn a 1991 study of major U.S. and Canadian computer users by the market research firm Dataquest for the National Computer Security Association, most users blamed an infected diskette (87 percent).

Adam Sandlers Kids Choice Award :: essays research papers

turn Sandler is in control -- reallyThe drone of a child-manMonday, April 14, 2003 Posted 107 PM EDT (1707 GMT)Adam Sandler accepts a Kids Choice Award for best movie actor. Many adult movie critics would disagree. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Story Tools--------------------------------------------------------------------------------RELATED Review Jacks back in Anger Management Anger tops shock office with $44.5M LOS ANGELES, California (AP) -- Adam Sandler, whos become one of Hollywoods top box-office draws by playing infantile men prone to fisticuffs and tantrums, displays in real aliveness a shambling politeness and faux-naive modesty. With a shy smile, he often looks down as he speaks, while deflecting questions with self-deprecating jokes. The 36-year-old comics almost childlike air conceals his status as a Hollywood workaholic whos unwaveringly loyal to his friends. "I was in his office 12 hours a day, and he was ei ther working with me, or working on editing something else, or working on one of his other projects," said David Dorfman, screenwriter of "Anger Management," which co-stars Sandler and Jack Nicholson. "He worked nonstop." Sandler has used his clout not only to gain greater control over his own films, but also to boost the careers of former "Saturday Night Live" friends such as Rob Schneider, David Spade and Dana Carvey by guiding their pet projects through the studio system. Dorfman described Sandler as "a benevolent mogul," and Carvey said his 2002 film, "The Master of Disguise," would have foregone nowhere without Sandlers help. "I mean, I owe him. I dont really know why he did it, youd have to ask him. But it was great to have him knife thrust it through. I guess I was nice to him on Saturday Night Live, " Carvey said, adding with a laugh "Thank God." Critical roastingBut some Sandler favors backfire. He gave directin g duties of "The Master of Disguise" to his longtime production designer Perry Andelin Blake, although Blake had no previous experience. Critics complained that the film was a mess, and Sony was still reworking the movie shortly before its release weather summer. Carvey had already starred on the late-night comedy show for five years when Sandler began appearing in 1991, the same year as Spade, whose 2001 film, "Joe Dirt," and upcoming "Dickie Roberts condition Child Star" were produced by Sandler. Sandler co-stars with Jack Nicholson in "Anger Management." During his five-year run on the show, Sandler was known for impish characters such as Canteen Boy and melodious bits such as Operaman.