Critique Of The Ecological Model And The Pie Theoretical...

The following information will briefly discuss my critique of the ecological model and the pie theoretical framework. Moreover, from a social work perspective, it is important to look at all interrelated components of any issue or problem, to effectively work towards a solution. Our mission in social work, is to meet the needs of our client population. Also, we have to be culturally competent in this field, and aware of oppression, and human diversity, to effectively work with our client population. Lastly, we as social workers have to be research informed, and knowledgeable about interventions to effectively work with any given population. My Critique of the Ecological Model the Pie Theoretical Framework First of all, the Ecological Model and the Pie Theoretical Framework help practitioners to understand the many problems related to diversity, and oppression, and help practitioners to find solutions. Thus, we all are unique and different in many ways and deserve fair treatment. From an historical perspective, as social workers, it is important for us to have a complete understanding of diversity, and oppression, so we can be effective in helping our client population. Appleby, Colon Hamilton (2011), mentioned Susan Dworak-Peck, who stated, â€Å"The social work profession has suffered from the lack of a unifying framework that might bring together the diverse areas of expertise within our profession. Yet, the Pie system helps to strengthen and unify us as practitioners inShow MoreRelatedDecision Theory: a Brief Introduction28334 Words   |  114 PagesStockholm 1 Contents Preface ..........................................................................................................4 1. 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Health Issues Of Health Care - 1694 Words

Health Issue: Access to Health Services The advancement of medical technology and knowledge has extended human lifetimes and increased the quality of life. Vaccinations, routine screenings, pharmaceuticals, and imaging technology have allowed mothers to have healthier babies, children to avoid missing school due to illness, and seniors to enjoy the company of their grandchildren. The advantages of health care are numerous, but there are those are not able to reap its benefits. All around the world, and in the United States, there are many that are unable to access health services and receive care. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured reports that there were 32 million uninsured Americans in 2014 (Henry J. Kaiser Family†¦show more content†¦Problems with accessing health care services affect populations in the United States disproportionately (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2014). According to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 4.5% of the United States population on whole in 2011 experienced difficulty obtaining necessary medical care. Those who identified with two or more races had a higher rate of 4.5%. This rate is even higher when considering family income. Of persons whose family incomes were below the Poverty Threshold, 7.0% were unable to obtain or were delayed in obtaining necessary medical care. For comparison purposes, the prevalence was only 3.0% among those who have an income that is 600% of the Poverty Threshold. This health issue needs to be addressed because certain groups, like those mentioned previously, are disproportionately represented among those who have health access problems. According National Healthcare Quality and Disparity Reports (NHQR), this is a concern because access to health services is the most significant contributing factor to poor quality of care (NHQR, 2014). Limited access to health care and poor health impact individuals because it can be a barrier to achieving full potential and can negatively affect quality of life. Health insurance is an aspect of getting patients into the health care system. Uninsured patients may face a larger burden from medical bills, and they also place a

Bottleneck Is Defined As One Neck Bottle â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What are the bottlenecks of Indian economy? What are methods that should be adopted to improve the economic performance and growth? Which are the ways to make the Indian economy perform effectively? How can the economic targets of India as a faster-growing economy be fulfilled? Answers: Introducation The bottleneck is defined as one neck of the bottle which is very crucial in leading to the development of any business model. Bosworth, Barry, Collins, Virma, (2016) asserted that mechanical development and advancement is an immediate result of the focused procedure that outcomes from inside, in light of the fact that disclosure is controlled by the things individuals do in organizations. By conveying new thoughts and practices to an industry, they trigger its further advancement. In various ventures over the world, organizations are presently presenting new plans of action that attention on a particular stride of the esteem chain and, by this, change or even obliterate the upper hand of firms with coordinated esteem chains (Anand, 2006). This advancement of deconstructing vertically incorporated esteem chains is called 'deconstruction'. Thus of this handle, new plans of action with unmistakable qualities create and are changing the tenets of rivalry for setting up organizations an d enterprises in phenomenal ways. Problem Statement In 2014, the World Bank listed India among the countries that could not meet their pre-crisis economic growth rate even though the macro risks had been eased. Some of the bottlenecks that had been listed to hold back the economic growth and development were a political bottleneck, infrastructural bottleneck, funding bottleneck, supply bottleneck, and structural bottleneck. If these bottlenecks are met, India can achieve its targeted growth rate of 9.0%- 9.5% per annum between 2012 and 2018 (Virmani, 2005). First, the study will examine the how each of these issues impacts the economic growth and development. And second, there is the need to address the issues to achieve the anticipated economic growth. Therefore, the focus would be on the methods that can be applied in solving the bottlenecks. Research Aim And Objective India should be among the global thriving economies by 2015 among countries like the U.S., the UK, China, Germany, Brazil, Japan, and France. There is the need to overhaul the current economic policies and choices to achieve the targeted 9.5% economic growth rate yearly. The main objective of the study is to identify the specific bottlenecks that hinder the Indian economic growth and then suggest several methods address them. The specific objectives of the study are; To identify the bottlenecks of Indian economy. To establish the methods that should be adopted to improve the economic performance and growth. To identify ways for the Indian economy to perform effectively. To fulfill the target of economist of India as a growing faster than other Addressing the bottlenecks adversely affecting the effective performance of the Indian economic performance is fundamental. There is the need to explore the full potential of the economic resources and channel enough funding towards the success. There are a number of bottlenecks that make it a challenge to achieve the economic full potential. The existing gap between the actual and needed economic growth rate; this forms the basis of this research study. First, the study will focus on establishing the bottlenecks that hinder economic performance to its full potential. Second, the study seeks to establish the necessary interventions to resolve the bottlenecks and improve the performance. To answer the research question, data on the statistical performance of the Indian economy will be obtained and analysed. The focus would be on the identified bottlenecks which are; political, infrastructure, funding, supply, and structural. Second, professional opinion from economic experts, corporate CEOs, and government economic policymakers will be collected. This will be done through conducting interviews and providing them with a questionnaire to fill. The collected data will then be analysed to obtain concrete results. This section evaluates the existing scholarly and reports on the existing bottleneck on Indian economy. The review summarises, evaluates and clarifies the literature. The literature review provides the researcher with theoretical base of understanding and determining the nature of conducting the research (Bryman Bell, 2011). The focus would be relevant literature while the irrelevant ones will be discarded. The literature has been guided by the research problem, objective and the bottlenecks being addressed. Lastly, the literature provides the conceptual basis of the research topic. Economic Development and Growth of India The Indian economic development was based on social-oriented policies for a long time since independence. Many sectors are owned by the states. The countrys per capita income has been growing at a 1% rate per annum for the last three decades. This is against the estimated growth of 2.5%-3.2%. However, the government shows the need of opening up its economy via economic liberation in the 1980s (Virmani, 2012). The government introduced new economic reforms and policies in the 1990 and 2000s which have compelled India towards becoming a free market economy. In the 2000s, India registered and economic growth rate of 7.5%. This is the highest rate to be ever recorded over the last one decade. It was projected the growth rate would double in a decades time if fundamental reforms were pushed further. By addressing the issues such as funding of investments, infrastructures, agriculture, economic policies and opening doors for multinational corporates, the government expects the economy to surpass the 10% growth rate (Balachandran, Cox, Kumar, Dilip, Roy, 2015). According to the economic reforms strategic plan, the Indian government projected the economy to grow at a rate of 9.0%- 9.5% per annum between 2012 and 2018. Among the states with the leading annual growth between 199 and 2018 were; Tamil Nadu at 9.9%, Gujarat at 9.6%, Haryana at 9.1%, Delhi at 8.9%, Bihar at 5.1%, Uttar Pradesh at 4.4%, and Madhya Pradesh at 6.5%. India is the tenth largest economy globally and the third largest based on the power parity adjusted exchange rate (PPP ). Likewise, India ranks 140th globally based on its Per Capita Income (Anand, 2006). The Indias economic growth relies on service expansion that has been consistent with its growth compared to other economic sectors. Until recently, the Indian government was not investing heavily in industrialization to expand its economy. Other issues that have been associated with poor economic grow are a high level of unemployment and poor development of the infrastructures (Ghate, Pandey, Patnaik, 2013). The macroeconomic factors have performed favourably however the progress has not been significant enough to reduce the countrys poverty level. Since 1991, the rate of poverty reduction has not been higher even after the introduction of the economic reforms. The improvement of another social development sector, which has non-economical dimension, have not brought significant improvement (Dasgupta, 2012). For example, the level of malnutrition has remained high and consistent among the Indian children especially among the poor Indian population. The level of child malnutrition was 46% between the 2005 and 2006 financial years (Straub, 2011). While recommending the progress of the Indias economic reforms, the World Banks suggested that more priorities should be on infrastructures, reforms in the public sector, rural development, agriculture, addressing HIV/AIDS, eliminating labour regulations and boosting reforming in the economic lagging states. According to a study conducted by the international bank in the countries with the ease to do business with index in 2005, India ranked 142 behind China at 90, China at 62 and Brazil at 120 (Singh, 2005). This clearly shows that India still has a long way to go as far as economic reforms and progress is concerned. It is evident that the government and other economic agencies have not adequately addressed the identified issues that hold back positive economic growth; these are referred to as economic bottlenecks. This paper focuses on the impact of political, infrastructure, funding, supply, and structural bottlenecks on Indias economic growth and development (Kumar Wyman, 2017). The governments decision and political stand are large to blame for the slow economic growth. In 2012 the economy registered the lowest growth rate in Nine years of 5.3%. The countrys currency, rupee, lost its exchange value in the financial market. Experts believed that the economic mess was self-instigated. The coalition government lacked clear leadership and acted on conflicts of interest. The policy reforms were aimed at pleasing their friends causing a road block for the favourable economic reforms. For instance, the government reversed its earlier decision to open up Indias retail sector for the international investors in 2012 (Maiti, 2014). The government could not control the growing debt level. The governments debt stood at approximately 70% of the countrys GDP. Moreover, the fiscal deficit was 6.0% of the GDP in 2012 which was higher than 4.8% in 2011. This level of debt raises a lot of economic questions. The debt and increased spending by the government were not investments driven (Mishra, 2013). A third of the government expenditure was subsidies and interest payments. Although the government would have focussed on investing in social projects to benefit a large position of the population, this was not the case. Likewise, the government spent a large portion of the money to bail out stated owned enterprises like the Air India. The huge spending should be regarded as misallocation of resources because no revenue was generated from them (Singh, 2005). Neither the government nor the parliament showed a lack of clear policies and mandate to solve the political issues affecting the countrys economic development. For objective economic growth, the leaders should have long-term reform objectives beyond the election cycles. However, the current leaders focus more on their personal interests therefore economic-oriented leadership seems unlikely to be implemented (Virmani, 2012). Inadequate development of infrastructure has been a major roadblock towards achieving the projected economic growth of 9.0-9.5% yearly between 2012 and 2018. The major factors that hinder Indias infrastructural development are; delayed decision making, skewed policies on land acquisition, corruption, environmental clearance problems, inadequate fuel and energy to support the production sector, and lack of private sector in investment decisions (OECD, 2012). With the increasing urbanization, India requires rapid infrastructure development to support economic growth. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, the country requires a stable and sufficient supply of fuel and energy. The roads and railways should also be sufficient enough for connectivity. However, there is a lack of adequate foods to support the development of the required infrastructure (Straub, 2011). The government should come up with clear and transparent policies that support the development of infrastructures. Likewise, the government should abolish constraints imposed on land rights, as well as secure long-term funding for infrastructure development. The fate of the Indias infrastructural development depends on the proper execution of political reforms and policies by the leaders (Schofield, Horrell, Reis, 2015). Even with the recognition of inadequate infrastructure as a hindrance to economic development, funding its development is quite a challenge. The government is spending a bigger portion of its funds on paying debts and subsidies leaving an insignificant share in transport and logistics. The huge financing gap has led to underdeveloped Indian road and rail network which has affected the consumers and producers due to inefficiencies of produce movement (Anand, 2006). The government should operationalize financial channels to address this issue. Several steps have been put in place to address the financial bottleneck. From the beginning of the 2013/2014 financial year, both the federal and state governments raised their financial allocation on infrastructural projects (Singh, 2005). For instance, the Federal government created the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) in 2016. This is a big step towards improving the infrastructural network in the country. The NIIF pools 40,000 crore rupees (half of the funds come from the government) which are then used to fund Brownfield and Greenfield projects as well as stalled infrastructure investments (Maiti, 2014). The financial risks that impacted the global economy in 2008 are major hurdle on Indias economic development. Although the economic growth improved slightly between 2013 (5.1%), 2014 (5.6%), and 2015 (5.7%). The volatile nature of the countrys exchange rate is a major cause of low growth. The economic growth is characterised by high depreciation level, high rate of unemployment, and weak business and consumer confidence (Anand, 2006). The developing economies like India heavily depend on developed countries like the U.S. and the UK to support their economic development. However, with the high level of unemployment in Europe show slow economic growth in India. The countrys annual economic growth dropped below 6% in 2013, 2014 and 2015. There were concerns that just like the UK, the U.S. would be reducing its financial support to India. Such a decision would bring about a lot of consequences (Dasgupta, 2012). The structural bottleneck is a major barrier to achieving higher growth even after India reduced restrictions on foreign investors. The hindrance issues are difficult to land acquisition policies, weak power supply, and transportation network, ill-targeted subsidies, delayed project approval, low productivity in agriculture and manufacturing sectors, skill mismatches and unfavourable labour laws (Singh, 2005). As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Indian government is addressing the structural bottleneck by; investing in education and infrastructure, eliminating over regulation to simplify business environment and increase predictability in investment and trade sectors. In addition, there is the need to provide stable and sustainable policies supporting the Foreign Service trade and merchandise, linking procedures, incentives and rules with those of the WTO and the Foreign Trade Organization (FTO) (OECD, 2012). Furthermore, Indias exports should be diversified as well to make its agricultural and manufacturing sectors competitive in the global market. Lastly, the government should align its trade architectures of engagement with those of key trade regions globally (Dasgupta, 2012) Conclusion The reviewed literature supports the research topic and question. There is a clear indication that the Indias economy has been performing poorly due to the bottlenecks discussed above (independent variables). Seemingly, the government has put several mechanisms in place to address the issues. This is enough evidence indicating the need to come up with an intervention plan so that the economy can perform as required i.e. achieve the 10+% growth rate per annum (Adam, J Kamuzora, F.K, 2008). The methodology chapter covers the research design chosen to address the research topics such as data collection and analysis techniques. It provides an insightful procedure to be followed when conducting the research. This research will follow both quantitative and qualitative research strategy (Maxwell, 2005). In conducting the study, both the qualitative and quantitative strategy will be followed because they fit the research topic. The qualitative research approach is concerned with qualitative phenomena. As a researcher, I am interested in investigating the bottleneck issues facing the Indian economy and the interventions taken by the government and other economic bodies to address the issues (Adam, J Kamuzora, F.K, 2008). Likewise, the quantitative strategy will focus on analysing the statistical data to understand how the bottlenecks have impacted the economic development and whether or not the government interventions have been fruitful. Both the primary and secondary sources of data shall be used. Interview method is the most useful and effective to gather data on the bottleneck issues facing Indian economic development because it offers direct contact with the participants. Interviews offer the opportunity to obtain detailed and insightful information on the research topic. The first-hand information would be obtained from the CEO of different departments of Indian sectors, economists, government representative, and scholars will provide an opportunity to understand the topic better. Each interview will take between 50 and 60 minutes (Bryman Bell, 2011). The Structured and Semi-structured questionnaire will be used to collect qualitative and quantitative data from the participants. The structured question will comprise of both open and closed questions. Likewise, the semi-structured questions will allow the researcher to add more questions after exhausting those on the list. The semi-structured approach also allows obtaining clarification on the questions contained in the list (Saunders, Lewis, hornhill, 2009). The already existing data of the economic growth and development like foreign trade, inflation and the growth of the service sector will be analysed to support the research findings. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques will be used to analyse the collected data. The qualitative analysis will be based on the concrete of the information collected from the interviewees and participants. On the other hand, Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS analytical tool will be used to analyse the statistical information obtained (Adam, J Kamuzora, F.K, 2008). The findings will be presented using tabulation forms such as graphs, tables which provide a numerical aspect of the information. Likewise, qualitative data will be presented by forming an inclusive opinion based on the critical views from the experts (Bryman Bell, 2011) Research Budget This is the proposed budget for the research project to be conducted to address the research topic Items Description Duration Allocated Amount ($) Senior Researcher Invigilate all the research activities 9 Months 5,000 Other personnel Providing supportive assistance, 9 months 10,000 Equipment Purchase recording devices, analysis machine, Printer etc. 5,000 Travel Travel to meet with the research instructor and data collection 9 months 4,500 Supplies and Materials Printing materials, stationery etc. 7,500 Consultation Fees Consulting research experts on data collection and analysis 7 days 1,500 Printing Questionnaires, 40 copies of the final report 1,500 Other Costs Food and accommodation for the research team 2 months 4,000 Total Research Cost 39,000 Research Schedule: Gantt This is the research schedule for the research project due in November 2017 (the student to edit the actual date). Activity Time May June July September October November Choosing a topic Testing the topic and consulting the instructor Prepare Working Thesis Research question Develop plan Choose submit references Complete Submit Research Proposal Revise proposal Instructor approval Complete Internet Library Research Review and Refine the paper outline Collect data Analyse data Complete first draft Feedback from instructor Carry further research Revise the first draft Edit paper Complete Check the documentation Proofread for punctuation, mechanics, grammar, spelling Print submit final report Report publication References Adam, J, Kamuzora, F.K. (2008). Research Methods for Business and Social Studies. Washington,DC: Cambridge University Press. Anand, P. B. (2006). Indias economic policy reforms: a review. Journal of Economic Studies. Balachandran, G., Cox, W., Kumar, S., Dilip, M., Roy, T. (2015). The Indian Economic Social History Review. SAGE Publishing Journal. Bosworth, B., Collins, S. M., Virmani, A. (2016). Competing For Global FDI: Opportunities And Challenges For The Indian Economy. Journals.sagepub.com. N.p, 2017. Bosworth, B., Collins, S. M., Virmani, A. (2017). Sources Of Growth In The Indian Economy. NBER. Bosworth, Barry, Collins, S. M., Virma, A. (2016). Concept And Evolution Of Business Models. Journals.sagepub.com. N.p. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods (Third Edition ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Dasgupta, K. (2012). Learning and Knowledge Diffusion in a Global Economy. Journal of International Economics, 323336. Ghate, C., Pandey, R., Patnaik, I. (2013). Has India Emerged? Business Cycle Stylized Facts from a Transitioning Economy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 157172. Kumar, S., Wyman, O. (2017). 3 Ways To Boost Growth In India. World Economic Forum. N.p. Maiti, D. (2014). Reform and Productivity Growth in India: Issues and Trends in the Labour. London: Routledge. Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publishing. Mishra, P. (2013). Has India's Growth Story Withered? Economic and Political Weekly, 5159. OECD. (2012). INDIA: SUSTAINING HIGH AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH. India Brochure. Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A. (2004). From Hindu Growth to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition. IMF Working Paper WP/04/77. Sahoo, P., Dash, R. K. (2012). Economic Growth in South Asia: Role of Infrastructure. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 217252. Sahu, P. K., Nag, N. C., Gupta, R. (2016). The Indian Journal of Economics. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2009). Research for Business Students. London: Pearson Education Limited. Schofield, P. R., Horrell, S., Reis, J. (2015). The Economic History. The Economic History Review. Sharma, A. N. (2006). Flexibility, Employment and Labour Market Reforms in India. Economic and Political Weekly. Sharma, C. K., Swenden, W. (2017). Continuity and Change in Contemporary Indian Federalism. Indian Review. Singh, C. (2005). Financial sector reforms in India. WP No. 241 Stanford Center for International Development . Straub, S. (2011). Infrastructure and development: A critical appraisal of the macro-level literature. The Journal of Development Studies, 683708. Virmani, A. (2005). Policy regimes, growth, and poverty in India: Lessons of government failure and entrepreneurial success! Working Paper No. 170. Virmani, A. (2012). Accelerating and sustaining growth: Economic and political lessons. IMF WP/12/185.

The Recruitment Process free essay sample

This essay looks at effective recruitment methods for small businesses. This paper describes the recruitment process beginning from the decision to recruit through to the orientation of the new employee. The author describes this process in a generic form but focuses on specific requirements and difficulties faced by small business. Various methods of advertising, interviewing and assessing applicants are discussed. Recommendations for small business are also made. From the paper: ?Recruitment of the right people is important to the success of any business large or small. Making the wrong decision when recruiting employees can prove to be a costly exercise. Small business is at a distinct disadvantage compared to larger organizations when seeking to hire new staff. Small businesses are not just smaller versions of large organizations; they have their own specific needs, less money, less time and less expertise when it comes time to recruit. Yet good recruitment decisions are even more critical for small businesses where one poorly performing worker has a large impact. We will write a custom essay sample on The Recruitment Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?

Duyhane Miller Higher degree Essays (215 words) - Education

Duyhane Miller MRKT 331 Professor Himelstein Oral Report July 23, 2017 Oral Report Critique: I found this presentation to be informative even though it's based on information many people already know. There are hundred maybe even millions of people around the world that are considering getting a higher degree, whether it be to obtain a baccalaureate degree or even doctorate. I enjoyed listening to this presentation because it put a lot into perspective for me. It made me ask myself questions and consider many possible financial and educational options that I had never thought of before. I liked the fact that the presenter offered a dvice on being more marketable. Today, there is never enough one can do to be marketable. There is no doubt that school is expensive especially when you decide to go to grad school so it's important to know if there are enough financial funds to support going back to school. Being able to pursue a higher degree relates to consumer buying behavior because those who achieve higher degrees tend to work for very wealthy companies or obtain high positions in their career field. Higher positions mean higher salary which influences what products they buy. Typically, people who have a lot of money buy higher priced products.

Get a Look at Some Giant Mammals of the Cenozoic Era

Get a Look at Some Giant Mammals of the Cenozoic Era The word megafauna means giant animals. Though dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era were nothing if not megafauna, this word is more often applied to the giant mammals (and, to a lesser extent, the giant birds, and lizards) that lived anywhere from 40 million to 2,000 years ago. More to the point, giant prehistoric animals that can claim more modestly sized descendants- such as the giant beaver and the giant ground sloth- are more likely to be placed under the megafauna umbrella than unclassifiable, plus-sized beasts like Chalicotherium or Moropus. Its also important to remember that mammals didnt succeed the dinosaurs- they lived right alongside the tyrannosaurs, sauropods, and hadrosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, albeit in tiny packages (most Mesozoic mammals were about the size of mice, but a few were comparable to giant house cats). It wasnt until about 10 or 15 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct that these mammals started evolving into giant sizes, a process that continued (with intermittent extinctions, false starts, and dead ends) well into the last Ice Age. The Giant Mammals of the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene Epochs The Eocene epoch, from 56 to 34 million years ago, witnessed the first plus-sized herbivorous mammals. The success of Coryphodon, a half-ton plant-eater with a tiny, dinosaur-sized brain, can be inferred by its wide distribution across early Eocene North America and Eurasia. But the megafauna of the Eocene epoch really hit its stride with the larger Uintatherium and Arsinoitherium, the first of a series of -therium (Greek for beast) mammals that vaguely resembled crosses between rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses. The Eocene also gestated the first prehistoric horses, whales, and elephants. Wherever you find large, slow-witted plant-eaters, youll also find the carnivores that help keep their population in check. In the Eocene, this role was filled by the large, vaguely canine creatures called mesonychids (Greek for middle claw). The wolf-sized Mesonyx and Hyaenodon are often considered ancestral to dogs (even though it occupied a different branch of mammalian evolution), but the king of the mesonychids was the gigantic Andrewsarchus, at 13 feet long and weighing one ton, the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammal that ever lived. Andrewsarchus was rivaled in size only by Sarkastodon- yes, thats its real name- and the much later Megistotherium. The basic pattern established during the Eocene epoch- large, dumb, herbivorous mammals preyed on by smaller but brainier carnivores- persisted into the Oligocene and Miocene, 33 to 5 million years ago. The cast of characters was a bit stranger, featuring such brontotheres (thunder beasts) as the gigantic, hippo-like Brontotherium and Embolotherium, as well as difficult-to-classify monsters like Indricotherium, which looked (and probably behaved) like a cross between a horse, a gorilla, and a rhinoceros. The largest non-dinosaur land animal that ever lived, Indricotherium (also known as Paraceratherium) weighed between 15 to 33 tons, making adults pretty much immune to predation by contemporary saber-toothed cats. The Megafauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs Giant mammals like Indricotherium and Uintatherium havent resonated with the public as much as the more familiar megafauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. This is where we encounter fascinating beasts like Castoroides (giant beaver) and Coelodonta (woolly rhino), not to mention mammoths, mastodons, the giant cattle ancestor known as the auroch, the giant deer Megaloceros, the cave bear, and the biggest saber-toothed cat of them all, Smilodon. Why did these animals grow to such comical sizes? Perhaps a better question to ask is why their descendants are so tiny- after all, svelte beavers, sloths, and cats are a relatively recent development. It may have something to do with the prehistoric climate or a strange equilibrium that prevailed between predators and prey. No discussion of prehistoric megafauna would be complete without a digression about South America and Australia, island continents that incubated their own strange array of huge mammals (until about three million years ago, South America was completely cut off from North America). South America was the home of the three-ton Megatherium (giant ground sloth), as well as such bizarre beasts as Glyptodon (a prehistoric armadillo the size of a Volkswagen Bug) and Macrauchenia, which can best be described as a horse crossed with a camel crossed with an elephant. Australia, millions of years ago as today, had the strangest assortment of giant wildlife on the planet, including Diprotodon (giant wombat), Procoptodon (giant short-faced kangaroo) and Thylacoleo (marsupial lion), as well as nonmammalian megafauna like Bullockornis (better known as the demon-duck of doom), the giant turtle Meiolania, and the giant monitor lizard Megalania (the largest land-dwelling reptile since the extinction of the dinosaurs). The Extinction of the Giant Mammals Although elephants, rhinoceroses, and assorted large mammals are still with us today, most of the worlds megafauna died off anywhere from 50,000 to 2,000 years ago, an extended demise known as the Quaternary extinction event. Scientists point to two main culprits: first, the global plunge in temperatures caused by the last Ice Age, in which many large animals starved to death (herbivores from lack of their usual plants, carnivores from lack of herbivores), and second, the rise of the most dangerous mammals of them all- humans. Its still unclear to what extent the woolly mammoths, giant sloths, and other mammals of the late Pleistocene epoch succumbed to hunting by early humans- this is easier to picture in isolated environments like Australia than across the whole extent of Eurasia. Some experts have been accused of overstating the effects of human hunting, while others (perhaps with a view to endangered animals today) have been charged with undercounting the number of mastodons the average Stone Age tribe could bludgeon to death. Pending further evidence, we may never know for sure.

Stabilization Wedges Game Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Stabilization Wedges Game - Assignment Example The predicted impacts may also include the loss of the West Atlantic Ice expanse and the possibility of the unbounded increase in the incidence of category-five hurricanes. The effect of injecting carbon dioxide and other gases into the earth’s atmosphere – results in changes in the climate. This takes place, through the effect of sunlight passed onto the earth’s atmosphere, which results to the warming of the planet – as these gases hinder the transmission of the accumulated heat into outer space. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect, which results, most times, from the burning of fossil fuels – which are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. As a result, the consequence is the injection of more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As the situation is, the Earth’s atmosphere contains an approximate amount of 800 billion tons of Carbon in the form of Carbon dioxide. From the burning of fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide produced inj ects an extra 7 billion tons of Carbon into the universe every year. The accumulated carbon dioxide is removed from the universe through two main ways, these including that taken up by growing forests and that which is dissolved into the surface of the ocean. Unfortunately, these two channels are only, able to remove half the Carbon emitted into the atmosphere leaving the other half accumulating at an approximated rate of 4 billion tons every year. This, typically, means that the accumulated amount of carbon in the universe is increasing year after year (Socolow, Stephen & Jeffery 10). The injection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere started at the onset of the industrial revolution. This can be proved from the figures – indicating that before the onset of the industrial revolution, the atmosphere contained approximately, 600 billion tons of carbon, which are 200 billion tons less than the presently accumulated amount.  Ã‚  

How does globalization affect the environment Essay

How does globalization affect the environment - Essay Example One area of human life that has experienced heavy issues due to globalization is the environment in which human beings live. Policy makers, environmentalist and other stakeholders have attacked globalization for impacting human environment in a negative manner. Body Disadvantages One of the main impacts of globalization is that globalization has led to increase in the spending ability of all individuals and have led to elevation in the consumption levels of human beings and this has impacted the ecological system in a negative manner. Increase in income level have made people demand for more goods and services and this has led to decrease in the natural resources that are offered by the environment. With the increase in demand for goods and services, there has been an increase in the transfer of natural resources from one region to another. Before globalization started spreading, people used to be dependent on their local manufacturers and service providers for goods and services. No w due to decrease in boundaries, people have started demanding for goods and services that are developed in foreign regions. To transfer goods and services, heavy amount of fuel is consumed which has led to degradation of the environment due to increase in pollution. The fuel used in transportation of goods has led to increase in the amount of fossil fuels burned to produce fuel. ... s waste is being dumped in oceans and this dumping process has ruined the underwater life and has led to increase in chemicals being deposited to oceans. For example: during the period of 2010, oil spill from the containers of British Petroleum ended up damaging the ocean in a very negative manner and this happens to be one of the several harmful effects of globalization on the environment (Cook, 2010, p.214). Increase in industrialization along with globalization has led to an increase in the amount of chemicals that are dumped into soil and due to this several plants as well as weeds have been produced. The waste that is toxic in nature and is dumped in soil has severally damaged plant life and had interfered with the natural way of growth of plants. Throughout the world heavy cut down of forests are taking place as wood obtained from forests is used in production of several goods such as furniture and paper. Due to this, carbon dioxide in the environment has increased and release of oxygen by plants has decreased. Similarly, cut down of mountainous regions have even been conducted to create new roads and for real estate purposes and this has long term negative impacts on human health. Plastic is being heavily used throughout that world for several purposes such as packaging and this plastic is not renewable in nature. Plastic is used in then discarded in form of waste which is negatively impacting the environment. Plastic bags tend to enter water lines as well as beaches and as plastic waste is burned, it result in emission of fumes that are toxic in nature and these fumes tend to impact the environment in a negative manner. According to Savedge, more than 100,000 marine animals experience death or are murdered by animals as they dump plastic bags in oceans and

Pros and Cons of the Implementation of Accounting Standards Essay

Pros and Cons of the Implementation of Accounting Standards - Essay Example The question also arises as to whether or not the accounting standards are effectual in improving the quality of accounting information or these happen to be a waste of time and money.The other matter concerns with the need for standardization of accounting standards in Europe, or in other words, is standardization the best possible solution to implement accounting standards in Europe. Hence, this essay encompasses the discussion on advantages and disadvantages of accounting standards combined with a discourse on the effectiveness of standardization in Europe.Accounting standards are basically the set of policies and procedures that are commenced by a specific body responsible for standard setting. Apparently, as the name suggests, these standards are set out to direct the recognition, preparation, and demonstration of accounting and financial information in a company's financial statements. Fogarty et al. (1994) describe accounting standards as the guidelines the purpose of which is to delineate a procedure to present transactions and outcomes in the company's financial statements. ... Therefore, the investors as well as the management, both remain aware of the standards to be followed for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. Formulation and implementation of accounting standards connote that there is uniformity of the procedure through which the companies account for various transactions, prepare the reports and present it to the shareholders. If the accounting standards are fair and unprivileged, it further suggests a binding investor trust in the company that all the information presented to him is true and fair devised and displayed under the prescribed standards. This, on one hand, leads to enhancement of investor confidence and on the other, maximises regulation on the companies to present a genuine picture of its position and performance. In short, the accounting standards are meant to enhance both, the investor trust and transparency. Moreover, when all the companies prepare their financial statements in full compliance with the accounting standards, it leads to the comparability between the financial statements of various companies for the purpose of improved decision making. It was this need for transparency, investor protection and comparability that led to the development of International Accounting Standards (IAS) to promote all these factors on an international level as a consequence of globalization. These accounting standards are also meant to serve all these functions but among international companies.  

Developing Transport Service Provisions in Rural Areas

Developing Transport Service Provisions in Rural Areas UNDERGRADUATE ESSAY RURAL TRANSPORT PROVISION: CORNWALL Critically examine the range of approaches that have been used by rural  agencies to overcome problems of service provision. Discuss in relation to a  specific policy area. The following paper discusses the range of approaches used by Cornwall Country Council (CCC) to improve its provision of transport services to its rural population, focusing in-depth on the CCC’s support of ‘community transport’ schemes. In the past two decades transport services to rural areas across Britain, as well as in Cornwall in particular, have been in a state of ceaseless decline. Bus and train timetables have been dramatically reduced and made more inefficient and unreliable, and this decline has in turn led to many rural constituents becoming ever more dependent upon private and environmentally harmful transport; at the same time, hundreds of thousands of Cornish elderly people in rural areas have been either totally excluded from public transport services or have found these services to be severely limited. This problem of public transport provision to rural areas has affected Cornwall particularly badly; Cornwall’s geography is diverse and its rural communities are widely dispersed; to meet these communities’ needs the county requires a comprehensive and highly-organized system of public transport that has simply not been present in recent decades. In these years, under both Conservative and Labour governments, a profound lack investment in the infrastructure of rural transport facilities in Cornwall has led to a degeneration of service provision. Moreover, the price of public transport in rural areas, particularly after the privatization of many services, has proved prohibitively expensive for many people. Recent efforts to alleviate this problem have centred upon a reinvestment of resources, and it is the work of this essay to consider the ways in which this money has been invested in Cornwall. On April 1st 2006 the CCC launched its Countryside Concessionary Fares Scheme (CCC, 2006), replacing the Cornish Key Card scheme, and providing free bus travel in Cornwall to persons above the age of sixty and to disabled persons who are resident in Cornwall. The scheme extends across the whole of Cornwall and is co-run in partnership between Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith and Restormel councils. To tackle the problem of the cost of transport facilities the Cornwall County Council has introduced a number of budget schemes to help poorer residents in rural areas. For instance, PLUSBUS is a scheme that allows rural residents to save money by purchasing a combined rail and bus ticket and so make an overall saving. PLUSBUS provides holders with unlimited free travel on any routes within the county of Cornwall. In addition, Cornwall County Council has pledged to provide free school transport to every child of compulsory school age in rural Cornwall who would not otherwise be able to attend school. But perhaps the most important innovation supported by the CCC is that of community transport schemes. The term ‘community transport’ is used to describe passenger transport schemes that are owned and registered by local community groups. The idea behind such groups is that each works to solve some of the transport difficulties of a particular village or town or group of associated towns. Numerous such projects have been founded across Cornwall and have thus relieved to a significant degree the service provision pressure from the CCC. The existence of such schemes mean that the council is freer to better use its resources in areas where no such community schemes exist. Community transport schemes are operated as volunteer and non-profit organizations and therefore they have a second key advantage that they do not subject the people depending upon them to financial exploitation or manipulation. Services are not operated because they are profitable, or suspended because they are unprofitable à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ as with transport services run by commercial companies à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ but rather services are operated because they meet a definite need of a particular community or group communities. The attraction of such schemes is that they can be moulded to the needs of a particular community; if only three pensioners in the village of Grisham or Chatham require daily transport to the nearest town, then, instead of being denied service by commercial companies who fear losing money by operating a service for these pensioners, a community transport service such as a single minibus or minivan can be organised at minimal cost to provide service for these three pensioners. If twenty such pensioners need transport then two or three services and minivans can be organized; such schemes therefore have a great degree of flexibility. The additional advantage of such schemes is that they are specifically founded and run to help those persons in rural areas who would not otherwise have access to help. Of the various community transport schemes run in Cornwall the following are particularly worthy of discussion. Voluntary Car Schemes are, according to the CCC ‘an organized form of lift giving’ (CCC, 2006) where volunteer drivers offer to use their own cars to make door to door pick-ups and returns for people, usually the elderly or disabled, who would not otherwise be able to travel as frequently or freely. Community Bus Services are minibus services run by local volunteer groups operating along regular routes and according to a regular timetable; such services are moreover made available to all members of the general public. Details of such services have recently been published in the All Cornwall Public Transport Guide. Minibus Hire is another community transport service whereby minibuses owned and run by one local volunteer group are lent to other groups either for free or for a very small charge. Many of these vehicles have disabled persons access and can be used f or the purposes of leisure, of sport, of education and so on. Dial a Ride is a further community service which provides transport on a door-to-door basis to incapacitated members of the community who register for the service. Shopmobility lends wheelchairs and electric scooters as well as other services to allow the elderly and others to shop for themselves rather than remaining dependent upon others for their transport. Though not directly in control of community transport schemes, the CCC has recently sought to play an active part in the running and support of these transport initiatives. On its website, the CCC tells that three principal events or ideas have led to this decision. (1) The Council has become ever more conscious of the special transport needs of disabled persons and of the elderly, and has expressed a determination to do more than the basic requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act (HMG, 1995) mandatory requirements. The CCC has set as its ultimate transport goal for disabled and elderly people the idea of transport independence à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ an aim that goes well beyond the minimum requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act. To this end, the council has given considerable financial support to Age Concern, an organization which operates a volunteer car scheme across the county of Cornwall. Thus the CCC states ‘This (policy) has led to the development of fina ncial support for age concern in its provision of a county-wide car scheme; greater consideration of a suitable transport provision for all sectors of the community by the County Council and other statutory agencies, which has identified more clearly the opportunities for community transport activity’ (CCC, 2006). (2) Thee national Labour government has provided greater levels of central funding for county councils to develop and improve their service provision to rural areas; the arrival of this money has enabled the CCC to focus greater attention upon rural disability access and upon totality of service provision. (3) The CCC has begun to enter into several partnerships with voluntary agencies, thus providing an extension to their existing transport services. To this end, the CCC has stated that ‘The (Cornwall) County Council recognises that whilst it has a critical role to play in sector development, it is inappropriate and simply not viable for it to be the exclusiv e agency involved. Consequently, it is looking to develop new partnerships wit both the statutory and voluntary sector, operating at both a strategic and a local level’ (CCC, 2000). This quotation best sums up this significant change of attitude and strategy by the County Council towards the question of rural transport provision. The County Council is admitting that its own resources are insufficient to provide the full range of transport services required by its rural population and so has enlisted the aid of both other agencies and the rural population itself in the form of voluntary transport schemes. A few points of caution might be given here however to intersperse the many positive notes about community transport schemes given above. Firstly, such schemes, though welcomed and applauded by local councils and official agency organizations are not directly under their control; therefore the regulation of such schemes is far weaker and less organized than official transport services run by the CCC. Concomitant with this worry is another about safety; since community transport schemes are not managed directly by local government they are not subject to the same safety inspections and regulations as official services. Nonetheless, it may generally be said that those running community schemes are responsible members of their local communities and naturally therefore adhere to general laws of transport safety. The other point is that it is a widely held sentiment of those running such schemes that they are having to do so because of the inadequacy of government provided public transpor t to rural areas. If these services were more proficient and reliable, as they used to be, and as they presently are in many European countries such as Switzerland, Denmark, Holland and elsewhere, then community transport schemes would be superfluous because public transport would be a total provision. Indeed, it is the case that in the aforementioned countries community transport schemes do not exist nor do others like them. In the final analysis, this review of the success of Cornwall County Council’s various agencies in improving rural transport provision must end with a note of equivocation and suspended judgement. On the one hand, local agencies in Cornwall have clearly recognised the problem and extent of recent decades of underinvestment in rural transport, and rather than denying this problem or blaming it on previous administrations, they have actually sought to improve those services offered to Cornwall’s rural populations. Also on the positive side the County Council has recognised the needs of the county’s long-forgotten disabled and elderly rural populations and has welcomed the opportunity to implement, and indeed go beyond, the Disability Discrimination Act, in its transport provision. Schemes like the Countywide Concessionary Fares Scheme and PLUSBUS are direct efforts to improve the transport facilities and opportunities for underprivileged people in rural Cornwall; s o too the CCC’s pledge to guarantee free school transport for all school-children of compulsory age in rural Cornwall is a crucial and admirable initiative. But perhaps the County Council’s boldest initiative, and the one that signifies a profound change of attitude towards its obligations over rural transport, is that of supporting community transport schemes such as Dial a Ride and Shopmobility. In supporting these schemes, which are not officially under County Council financing or regulation, the Cornwall Country Council has recognised that it has insufficient resources to provide a full range of transport services to its rural population. Such an admission has its positive aspects in as much as it allows the council to contribute to the excellent schemes founded and operated by voluntary groups in Cornwall; groups who have made a very real difference to the quality of transport experience enjoyed by many of Cornwall’s elderly and disabled rural populations. On the other hand, in making such an admission the County Council has also shown its own failure, as well as the failure of successive governments, to properly deal with the national question of rural transport provision, and its particular condition in Cornwall. It is a simple fact that in those countries of Europe which have the highest standard of living, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria would be examples, that community transport schemes are just not necessary because government and local councils are sufficiently funded to provide all such services themselves. Proper and more efficient government allocation and spending of resources in Britain could undoubtedly have led to the same result in Cornwall, and so made the admirable and noble efforts of community transport scheme organizers unnecessary. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academic Books, Journals Internet Sources Cornish Key: Transport in Cornwall. (2006). www.cornishkey.com Cornwall County Council (CCC). (2006). www.cornwall.gov.uk Her Majesty’s Government. (1995). The Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Restormel Borough Council. (2006). www.restormel.gov.uk The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). www.defra.gov.uk

Suspense - The Signal Man Essay examples -- English Literature

Suspense - The Signal Man The author of The Signal Man immediately creates suspense by using anonymous quotes, which gives a sense of mystery. Dickens begins by avoiding using terms that identify ownership, i.e. â€Å"When he heard a voice thus calling to him†. The 2nd person in the story is the signal man, who at this point is acting in a very peculiar manner. This produces suspicion amongst the reader and thus generates interest or suspense. Throughout the entire novel, Charles Dickens is using language that is very obviously uncomfortable, i.e. â€Å"Angry sunset†, or â€Å"Violent pulsation†. The characters are not described as very ordinary. The signal man is poor and not very knowledgeable whereas the visitor is wealthy, intelligent and free to do as he pleases. However, there is a trait that they both share. They are both very isolated. This lonesome feeling is far from comforting and therefore adds to the general atmosphere of the novel. The scene is described to be very unnerving and fits in very well with the gothic theme. The cutting is like a deep chasm in th...

Castration Solution to Abandoned Babies

CASTRATION SOLUTION TO ABANDONED BABIES KUALA LUMPUR: Men who do not want to take responsibility after having made girls pregnant out of wedlock should be castrated. Venting his anger and frustration over the rising number of abandoned babies, Senator Ahmad Husin said only this could teach men to be more responsible in their actions. â€Å"In cases like these, those involved always disappear without a trace. We should just castrate them,† he said after asking a supplementary question to Women, Family and Community Development Minister, Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil, on cases of abandoned babies yesterday.Shahrizat said although the suggestion was radical yet creative and innovative, studies had to be done first as not all men were irresponsible. â€Å"Besides, we are not living in the past. We need to tackle the problem the 21st-century way, beginning from a strong family institution and awareness programmes,† she told the house. Shahrizat said most cases of abandone d babies were due to weak family institution and where the responsibility of bringing up a child was left to other parties. â€Å"Parents are all too busy to pay attention to their children.The family institution has become individualistic where parents `franchise' their kids for other quarters to bring them up. † Earlier, to a question by Senator Empiang Jabu, Shahrizat said four strategies – advocacy, prevention, support and research – would be used to tackle related issues. She said the ministry provided counselling and interactive workshops to give the public, especially young girls, deeper understanding on intimate relationships and its consequences. | New Straits Times, Apr 30, 2010 | by Ili Liyana Mokhtar

AI essays

AI essays Artificial Intelligence and Singularity Within the next thirty to fifty years, there will be technological means on earth which can create superhuman intelligence. Shortly after this occurrence, humans will no longer be needed to run the world and therefore the human era will be extinct. The question that we all need to ask ourselves is, can we avoid this process? If this process is not avoidable, can humans still guide these events so that the human era survives. The rise of technology is the single most amazing event in this past century. The speed of technology has been mind-blowing. In the next thirty to fifty year, human life will change on earth drastically due to great advances in technology. The exact cause of this great change will be the creation of technology which is grater than human intelligence. According to Verner Vinge [1], a world famous mathematician, author, and computer scientist, the consequences of this event will be that greater-then-human intelligence is much more rapid. An example used by Vernor Vinge is that animals can adapt to problems and make inventions in their environments, but often no longer than nature can do its work on a place. He continues to say that the world acts as its own simulator in the case of natural selection. Humans have the ability to solve problems in their heads much faster than natural selection. But by creating machines which can execute problems at much faster speeds than humans, humans will be entering a world which is much different than the human past. For example, humans will no longer be needed for jobs that they are needed for now because computers will be able to have a though process which is much faster than the human one. This process can be described as singularity. Stan Ulam [2], a respected member of the national mathem atical society, paraphrased John Von Neumann [3], professor, mathematician, and author, by saying, One conversation centered on the eve...

Human Resource Management And Diversity In Workplace Essays

Human Resource Management And Diversity In Workplace Essays Human Resource Management And Diversity In Workplace Essay Human Resource Management And Diversity In Workplace Essay Human resource direction is move towards how in the way of administerA the association s chiefly apprehended belongings. The individuals who employment independently and hand in glove donate to the achievement of concern objectives.A It is described as the process concerned to pull off individuals in association. In simple, human resource direction trades with enlisting of people, development of their abilities and capacities, use and care of their services in line through the work and managerial necessity. Diverseness It is the assorted differences and similarities that exist among the people. Peoples differ in attitude, gustatory sensation and spiritual belief. Every organisation must be able to pull off diverseness to acquire the best out of the assorted differences among the people. Diversity is the beginning of originative and advanced thoughts that can supply the footing for future development and competitory advantage. Equality and Diverseness Every organisation is dedicated to a scheme of nonpartisanship of chances and to give assurance mixture with work force. Diversity direction chiefly aims at the construct that every person should be given value irrespective of their sex, gender, disablement, cultural beginning, faith, socio economic position, matrimonial position etc. In the recent old ages UK has seen addition in sum of employment statute law, peculiarly in regard of statute law associating to equality and diverseness. The chief UK statute law associating to equality issues covers the undermentioned Acts of the Apostless. The legal model Every organisation acknowledge its ain undertakings lawfully in comparative to equalities, every bit good as the demands of the subsequent statute law and any old statute law which has impact on nonpartisanship and multiplicity and followers policy and instance jurisprudence The statute law in the field of equality is being amended continuously. It besides provided a concrete support in favor of the para docket which is unbreakable in the UK as there are many organic structures operational in the way of the remotion of favoritism, support of para of opportunity and reconsiders the procedure of statute law. These organic structures are Equal chances Commission ( EOC ) Disability Rights Commission ( DRC ) The Commission for Racial Equality ( CRE ) The right to be treated every bit is considered to be a cosmopolitan human right and every person is protected by statute law from being treated unjustly on top of the footing of event, faith, skin coloring material, nationality, gender, sexual way, disablement or married place. Types of favoritism and exploitation Discrimination can be shown straight or indirectly, deliberately or accidentally, and can be caused by one person, group of persons or an establishment. Direct Discrimination: everyplace one being is treated a smaller sum favorably so other being with one or more grounds. Indirect Discrimination: every bit shortly as a being concern to a province to an extra and the measure of individuals in a aggregation who canister fulfil is a smaller sum than in a different aggregation and when the conditions can non be shown to be justified. Individual degree: A individual can grip unenthusiastic attitude towards other individual and utilize linguistic communication which might consequence in colored public presentation or merchandise which is inappropriate, which are non acceptable. At group degree it could be the failure of an administration in proviso of professional service or working status suitably because of an person s age, disablement, gender, sexual orientation, cultural beginning, faith and belief. This might steer towards unjust action, unequal chances sharing, resources and authorization, which could consequence some people to take a better quality of life. Institutional racism: It is the combined malfunction of an organisation or establishment to provide specialised service suitably towards persons in regard of their coloring material, civilization, nationality or tribal beginning. Institutional racism can be detect in their attitude, process and manners which measure towards gustatory sensation during jingoism, deficiency of cognition, and racialist typecasting. Exploitation occurs when an person has been singled out for utilizing a workplace complaints process or because of exerting their legal rights. Discrimination should be improper with respects to Recruitment or choice procedure Employment Choosing employees for counsel and advancement Admission of employees to comfortss, reimbursement and services Disciplinary processs Judgment of dismissal from work Pregnancy Retirement age Equal chances Most of the organisations have equal chances policies which are similar in nature. The EOC recommend that while implementing a policy of equal chances, employers should Formulate and go around a written equal-opportunity policy Make sure that a senior director takes the duty for its execution. Should set up a squad which is responsible to implement, proctor and reexamine the policy when appropriate. Equal Opportunities Commission besides recommends that employers should Inform all the employees that the organisation is an equal chances employer Should include an equal chances statement in all the enlisting advertizements Select and recruit from all subdivisions in the community Monitor the procedure of employment by age, physical ability and disablements, gender and race and take action to cover with any favoritism that is evident. Ensure entree for everyone to installations, preparation and development. Should transport out para hit assessment on service judicial admission and service and obtain suited accomplishment Make work more accessible by originating parttime occupation portion strategies. Maintain disciplinary and grudge processs to cover jobs originating due to torment. Develop processs to react and take action for any sort of torment or exploitation. Incorporate equal chances in all policies, programs and schemes from the beginning. Effective direction of diverseness Pull offing diverseness is to do permitting milieus for individuals towards perform and work to their maximal potency. It is the scheme to advance the perceptual experience, recognition and to implement diverseness in every organisation. It is positive in valuing and encouraging differences and in seeking to alter the values, beliefs and civilization of the organisation. It is basal scheduled the idea that every person must be appreciated. It seeks to do milieus anyplace each individual feel respected and accepted. It is a civilization that views differences as a resource lending to organizational success. Every organisation must take at the following to pull off diverseness To take illegal favoritism To back up equal chances To back up para of contact To back up first-class traffics among diverse vicinity. To modulate employer and employee relationships. To supply single rights for each and every employee To beef up the place of the organisation. To guarantee that the direction acts moderately by avoiding favoritism. It can be managed by Increasing client contentment and market place diffusion during a work force sparkly the dwellers, entree to assortment of endowment, successful utilize of Human Resources. Improved worker duty and contentment, activist illustration as first-class director. Avoid favoritism in the procedure of employment choice, preparation, leave, fillip and increases etc, Avoidance of favoritism instances, Supplying suited counsel and enlargement about nonpartisanship and mixture topic for all the workers in the organisation, reconsider, maintain self-assessment processs, review and statement development annually on our equal chances. Using successful systems for, reconsidering and watching the bringing of service and towards make certain so as to high quality and para are invariably assess and better and to do certain that each and every one the employees are acceptance equal and just right of entry and consequence. Committedness by direction and leaders affecting personally in every stage of diverseness work. With regular appraisals and effectual written be aftering greater diverseness can be achieved. By delegating a diverseness commission which takes the duty of planning and implementing diverseness activities. Use of resources suitably By diverseness preparation for board and staff by placing demands through appraisals. Concentrating on cultural competency by recognizing how different civilizations express their choler, authorization, communicating which automatically helps to increase accepting and ability to put up and keep a miscellaneous work force. Effective communicating by agencies of utilizing memos, newssheets and doing certain that communicating sing diverseness is ongoing among the employees of all degrees in the organisation. Equality and diverseness at work In bid to do certain that sameness underpins each and every one characteristics of the employ policies, events and developing every organisation aims at Making certain that employment procedure, counsel and increase policies, patterns processs and to follow with the equal chance policy and do non separate beside any peculiar person or group deliberately or accidentally. Monitoring the employment enlisting procedure in regard to age, disablement, sex and race and obtain achievement to manage any unsimilarity that occur. Extinguishing favoritism in the supplying preparation and development to do certain that all employees can be cognizant of their maximal possible and supply their part for the development of the organisation. Make sure that the whole content sing all preparation and development activities to reflect the promise to para of opportunity and mixture processs and patterns. Attracting a assorted employees and using the accomplishments, cognition, installations and aptitude gettable. By supplying equal preparation and development to all the employees every bit. By taking action as a ground to promote peculiar groups which are under represented to use for specific preparation and stations. Making appropriate accommodations, where it is likely, to let the service and redistribution of those employees who are physically disable. Persons through disablements who match with the least standard for a occupation gap should be shortlisted for interview. By talking with the handicapped people and inquire them how they canister use their aptitude at work. Making all reasonable and adequate attempts when workers develop into immobilize to maintain them remain in employ. By reexamining accomplishments every twelvemonth in meetings and allow workers acknowledge about development and prospect devices. Equality and assortment information should be surrender to the organisation Board at normal period which allows the direction to set up the grounds behind the occurance of any disagreements and take appropriate actions to forestall farther jobs. Benefits of pull offing diverseness The benefits of diverseness at employment are often call with the termA concern instance which describes the benefits of organisation or impact in, developing and prolonging a work force which is diverse in nature. Some of the benefits are as follows: To pull the appropriate personality in favor of the function. being an director of choice, labour are given encouragement to achieve their upper limit likely To hold a complete provide of work force for the forces To pull a extended diverseness of patronage Having a original, competitory and advanced workers Keeping a pleasant-sounding employees by dunking expensive service commission and statement Using workers that container act in conformity and transmit to a miscellaneous client base Development of the organisation standing with trader, patronage, stakeholders and the society To be cagey to spread out corporation which are longlasting and productive, and do fresh relationships with new trader and foundation To be able to piece the emphasis of procurance policy in the community sector To make a sequence response by authorization former administrations in the supply concatenation, to turn to assortment affair excessively Barriers to pull off diverseness Ethnocentrism, imprecise typecast and biass, deprived career agreement, contrary and aggressive employment milieus, Inability to equilibrate between career and dealingss affairs, Fear of invalidate favoritism. If multiplicity is non considered as a precedency by the organisation it can be a barrier to pull off diverseness. Resistance to alter by employees and deficient staffing. Over trust on advisers can most of the clip diminish ownership of organisation, engagement in, and its duty to the multiplicity process? Serious employment tonss and a batch of disputing emphasis on clip makes it non easy to affect employees in assortment occupation. Income creates the daring of doing the new employees and plank associate familiarize with miscellany labors and protected their duty towards work. Ill planned preparation can be a barrier to pull off diverseness. Cultural and linguistic communication differences are able to take to misconstruing and uncomfortableness. Achievement itself be capable of be intimidating for individuals and for association as a complete. Association which contribute in every alter process without usual rating and proclamation might take to failure. There are certain policies and processs which are put in topographic point as a portion of diverseness direction. They are Disciplinary and grudge processs These should be followed as a portion of pull offing effectual diverseness. The Advisory Concillation and Arbitration Service ( ACAS ) Code of Practice ( 2000 ) states that disciplinary processs should non be viewed chiefly as a agency of enforcing countenances. Rather they should be seen as a manner to assist and promote betterment among employees whose work is unsatisfactory. The chief intent of these processs is to excite the work public presentation that contributes to effectiveness of the organisation and to promote its employees to be responsible for their ain behavior. These processs are necessary to do certain consistence and just intervention in managing the jobs at work. The ACAS Code of pattern is considered to be one of the best patterns in pull offing diverseness. Harassment policy This has been put in topographic point to eliminate any sort of torment at work. It besides provides guideline for all the employees to be cognizant of recognized and unacceptable practises at work and besides what steps they can take if they face torment. Disclosure policy This has been set up under the constabulary Act 1997 to run a condemnable records agency which enables the employers and other organic structures to run condemnable cheques who work with kids and vulnerable grownups. Decision Diversity direction is one of the of import factors for the success of any organisation. For even most committed organisations it is of import to make groundwork on pull offing diverseness to accomplish success and to develop a healthy working environment. It besides helps for constructing up of new dealingss at work topographic point where different people bring up originative and advanced thoughts and work together towards development of the organisation.

EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT Research Paper

EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT - Research Paper Example In 2009, after the Democrats came into power with a majority, House Representative Barney Frank, has reintroduced the ENDA that includes only the transgender class. With the recent changes in the Congress, the ENDA bill has gained new momentum, especially with the backing of President Barack Obama (The White House, Civil Rights- Strengthen Anti-Discrimination Laws, 2010), there are every prospects for the bill being passed within the present President’s term and becoming a law. Discussion What is this policy? The Employment Non Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a federal bill that aims to stop all forms of bias or discrimination based on the sexual orientation of the employees, by the employer. The LGBT community in US has been demanding workplace protection right from the 1970s; however, it is only recently that the bill that accords protection to the LGBT sections has been presented in the Senate. Though the ENDA bill was presented in the Congress in 2009, it is still pending and is under scrutiny by the House Education and Labour Committee. What does it purport to accomplish and why has it been proposed? This bill â€Å"promotes the goal of embracing diversity in the workplace.   Proponents also argue that sexual orientation is protected under the U.S. Constitution's guarantees of equal protection and due process.   Without a federal statute, victims of discrimination are subject to a patchwork of state law protections that provide uneven and often insufficient protection, hence the need for a national standard in the form of ENDA† (Aden, The  Employment Non-Discrimination Act, 2010). The advocates of this bill opine that homosexuality is a form of an individual’s personal identity, and not a â€Å"choice,† so the working people have a right to be judged according to their work performance, and not by their personal identities (American Psychological Association, 2011).   The APA in its various researches has reported that ther e exists significant bias against homosexuals within the U.S. workforce (ibid), thus making it necessary that a uniform law is made that would cover the entire country. The political actors supporting this bill are the Democrats, and the current US President in the White House, Barack Obama, is a staunch supporter of the cause and the bill. The opponents of this bill (the Conservatives, and religious groups), and various critics contend that ‘antidiscrimination laws’ like the ENDA tend to promote  a lack of tolerance  that are based on religious faith. Thus, it has been proposed that if such acts do not have any associated meaningful exceptions, specially made keeping in mind the different religious organizations and employers (with organisations that are faith based), that may have objections towards homosexuality from a religious point of view, then the passing act would have a negative effect. â€Å"Without strong exemptions, religious organizations will be requ ired, as a condition of seeking workers to carry out their faith-based missions, to affirm conduct that is in diametric opposition to the moral principles of their faith† (ibid).   The opponents of this act contend that this bill is different from other ‘

Financial statements for Blacksea plc for the years ended 30 June 2009 Assignment

Financial statements for Blacksea plc for the years ended 30 June 2009 and 2010 - Assignment Example The assets can be bifurcated to have current and fixed assets. Current assets can be quickly converted into the cash within a few months time in the normal course of operations. Fixed assets, also called long term investments of the company in land, plant, building, equipment, fixtures, furniture etc. have longer life period and they last for several years or decades over its useful life. It is nature of the business that decides whether the company will have more capital employed in the current assets or in the fixed assets. There is nothing good or bad per se where assets are deployed; however, when it is compared with the other companies in the same industry group, it can provide an idea whether assets are deployed efficiently or not. So goes with liabilities of the company. They can be bifurcated in the current and long-term liabilities. Current liabilities constitute those payments which are to be paid within a few months. Long-term liabilities mean long-term loans, mortgage payments and other liabilities of similar nature that are to be paid in several years. The financial analysis based on these factors will tell us about the liquidity of the company. This will also tell us about the risk that investors carry by investing in the company. It is important to know whether company’s current assets are sufficient enough to pay for the current liabilities. (Atrill & Mclaney1997) Current ratio of the company in the year ended June 2009 was noticed at 1.46:1, which further improved to 2.73:1 during the year ended June 2010. This is quite safe for the company. The current ratio for the same industry group is noticed at 2.5:1 so it can be said that Blacksea enjoys somewhat superior current ratio as per the year 2010. Creditors should have no problem in lending to the company based on the existing current ratio. Similarly, gearing ratio (debt/equity) in the year 2009 was pretty

Community Health Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community Health Assessment - Assignment Example Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA) activities enhance health by collaboratively addressing community health needs. In Cambridge, there exist a strongly established healthcare tradition, community partners, providers and individuals focused at meeting the local healthcare needs. Cambridge is a home to several distinguished hospitals that are ranked top nationally. Medical practitioners occasionally react to quality reports with some bit of suspicion, concerning efforts to estimate quality as thinly cloaked efforts at marketing or cost reduction. Skepticism concerning quality reports is fostered by confusion arising from many report cards, which usually present a bunch of related clinical feedback combined with steps highlighting the use of resources. Nonetheless, medical practitioners should acknowledge the necessity for quality measurement in the United States healthcare. With several facts that accompanied the project, it was not all that easy to access the health facility in terms of gaining access to their medical records as well as gain some information that they felt would expose them to security threats. Organizing the interviewees also posed some challenges since some were not ready to openly share whatever they had in mind regarding their community. Being that some facilities at the community level are situated in different locations, it was a task that involved a lot of movement in order to fill some variables. In the event of moving up and down, time was a factor that saw several days elapse since some scenarios needed to be assessed while the patient visited the facility or when people visited community facilities. Accessing hospital files as well was an issue since it needed the attention of the facility staff to aid in retrieving and accessing the relevant files. Some conclusions that were to be made based on observation were very hard to determine since the respondents themselves did not have

Light intensity Essay Example for Free

Light intensity Essay The set up of the circuit is simple as shown above. The 12-volt lamp is set up in a simple circuit. Then in a SEPARATE circuit, the light dependent resistor is connected to the Multimeter, which shows the resistance readings. If I did connect the LDR in the same circuit, I would almost certainly fry the LDR, and ruin the experiment! I want to keep the distance from the lamp to the LDR the same. I have decided after testing the system, to put the LDR directly under the lamp. This makes me get the best readings for the earlier voltages when the bulb is dim. It also helps to cancel out any other light, which will obviously get in the way more, the further the LDR is from the bulb. I will find out how much this effects the results in the preliminary practical. I will needed to keep the bulb at a set height, perhaps 2cm above the LDR. During the preliminary practical, there are many things I can do to get the optimum results. That includes keeping the distance and height the same, but also taking the correct resistance reading. You can set the resistance readings on the Multimeter to different levels of accuracy. If you dont have a large enough setting, the dial will display one. I will then go down one until I get a suitable answer. I may even have to change the accuracy settings during the preliminary practical, if they become too inaccurate. My independent variable is voltage (potential difference). I will be finding out how the intensity of the light effects resistance of the LDR. I will be going up in gaps of 2 volts, up to 12 or 14 volts, giving me seven readings. I need to make sure I get two, preferably 3 sets of good results, to iron out anomalies, getting a better overall average. Some small errors could creep in when reading off the Multimeter. The resistance readings will start to fluctuate slightly. I will take the best reading I can by waiting until the Multimeter stays on one number. The more accurately I set the Multimeter, the harder this is to do. Of course, this is only an initial method. The preliminary practical will give me a good feel of the equipment, and where things could go wrong. I will be able to change things for the final practical. Preliminary Work I will need to undertake a preliminary practical for many reasons. A preliminary is very good for helping me get a feel for the equipment. I will do it to find out how much resistance there is without the lamp being turned on, to see what effect other light has on the LDR. I will also see if this changes when the LDR is out in the open. From this, I can decide where I will put the LDR in the final experiment. To start with, I will have the LDR directly under the lamp, so as little light as possible gets to the LDR. A second thing I will probably do, is slowly increasing the voltage until a noticeable difference is shown on the LDR. I will also get a good feeling of what I expect to happen in the actual main practical, and where I will be getting anomalous results. I may also be able to predict trends, and alter my graphs. I will only take readings at a few voltages. I may take readings at 4 volts (the lowest reading), 8 (a middle reading), and 12 (the highest reading. These are all of some use, as they will give me an estimate of the trends, and by finding the highest and lowest readings, the range. I will also need, in my preliminary practical, to take down the conditions that the practical is taken in. I will need to make the experiment as fair as possible, so I will need to see where all the extra light is coming from, so I can regulate that in my main experiment, and also things like the vertical distance from the LDR to the lamp.

The Conqueror Worm and the End of the World :: Conqueror Worm Essays

The Conqueror Worm and the End of the World Edgar Allen Poe is one of the fathers of terror and mystery.   His twisted, Macabre tales and poems are filled with great detail and often end with a dismal twist.   "The Conqueror Worm" is one example of his masterful rhymes and tells how a play on life turns into reality for mankind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting is a theater but it is not just a site for plays.   Poe describes it to be that way to trick the reader, but the theater is actually the setting for mankind.   We play our lives in this stage for everyone else to see.   Lines three through six describe the crowd and how they are there to see "a play of hopes and fears."   If people would look beyond the point of reading the line just to understand the words, they would see that the play is actually the lives of everybody in society.   I say this because everyone has their own hopes like getting a good job, succeeding, having a family and ultimately dieing happily.   Along with their hopes, everyone also has their personal fears.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters of the poem are also some very meaningful keys in showing the hidden meaning.   The first stanza describes the crowd that has gathered to watch the enactment of our human lives.   Lines three and four states "an angel throng, bewinged, and bedight in veils, and drowned in tears."   Poe is stating that a group of angels is going to watch the spectacle put on for them, although they are already drowning in the tears from plays before.   The orchestra that plays for them is another set of characters that have meaning.   They represent the background in everyone's life by "playing the music of the spheres."   A third set of characters that show hidden meaning is the "Mimes, in the form of God on high."   They denote the people that inhabit the earth.   Poe describes them as "Mere puppets they, who come and go at bidding of vast formless things."   The vast formless things are the ideas that we have.   Ideas l ike the things that we think we have to do for ourselves to survive and succeed.   They also make up drama of the play.   A final, prominent figure in this dramatic performance is the conqueror worm.   Poe illustrates it as "a blood-red thing.

Coiled Tubing

E N H A N C I N G PRODUCTIVITY Coiled Tubing Solutions Solve Downhole Problems With Reliable, Cost-Effective Technology Baker Oil Tools Coiled Tubing Handbook The global oil and gas industry is using coiled tubing for an ever-increasing array of well intervention projects. Coiled tubing offers a number of operational and economic advantages, including: live well intervention, elimination of well kill and potentially damaging heavy-weight kill ? uids, reduced operational footprint, horizontal intervention, and the ability to intervene without a rig. These advantages have led to the development of truly ? -for-purpose coiled tubing systems from the industry’s largest provider of coiled tubing well intervention solutions – Baker Oil Tools. Baker Oil Tools offers its clients an unparalleled selection of coiled-tubing-conveyed intervention products, services and solutions with which to approach individual well requirements. This handbook was developed to help our clients det ermine which systems and services will best meet the needs of a particular application. For that reason, we have designed the handbook to highlight system capabilities within eight distinct intervention areas where coiled tubing can offer a highly effective and cost-ef? ient alternative. These eight categories are: Well Cleaning, Fishing and Milling, Zone Isolation, Stimulation and Fracturing, Sand Control Completions, Flow Management, Plug and Abandonment, and Sidetracking and Re-entry. Coiled Tubing Well Coiled Tubing Sections Well Cleaning Sandtrap System . . . . Debris Catching . . . . Underreaming . . . . . Impact Drilling . . . . . Mechanical Scale Removal . High-Pressure Jet Washing . Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 9 . 10 Well Cleaning Fishing and Milling Fishing and Milling Recovering Tools with Downhole Vibration Technology . . . . . Recovering Tools with Hydraulically Activated Fishing Tools . . . Recovering Coiled Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removing and Recovering Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . Cutting Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METAL MUNCHER ® Milling Assembly with Magnetic Chip Catcher OPTICUTâ„ ¢ Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 14 16 17 18 20 21 22 Zone Isolation Zone Isolation Through Tubing . . Retrievable Bridge Plug Retrievable Packer . Straddle Systems . . Monobore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 24 25 26 27 Stimulation and Fracturing Stimulation and Fracturi ng 29 Through Tubing ISAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Retrievable Bridge Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Sand Control Completions Vent Screen System . . . . Squeeze-Pack System . . . Wash-Down System . . . . Circulating Gravel Pack System Sand Control Screens . . . . FRAQ PAQ Fluid Systems . . SM 35 Sand Control Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 37 38 39 40 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Management Increasing Gas Velocity While Reducing Water Production Velocity and Straddle Systems . . . . . . . . CTâ„ ¢ Tension Packer . . . . . . . . . . . . In? atable Straddle System . . . . . . . . . . Scale Inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production/Injection Logging . . . . . . . . . Selective-Zone Completion . . . . . . . . . . Shifting Sliding Sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . Nipple-Less Completion Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 46 47 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 Flow Management Plug and Abandonment Plug and Abandonment 57 In? atable Permanent Bridge Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Permanent Cement Retainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Monobore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sidetracking and Re-entry Slimhole Casing Exit Technology . . . Restricted-Bore Whipstock System . . Slimhole Milling Assemblies . . . . Open-Hole Completions . . . . . . Open-Hole Liner Systems . . . . . Coiled Tubing Drilling . . . . . . Drill Bits – Hughes Christensen Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sidetracking and Re-entry 62 63 64 65 65 68 74 1 2 Well Cleaning A clean well bore is not only a prerequisite for trouble-free well testing and completion, it also helps ensure optimum production for the life of the well. Baker Oil Tools’ coiled-tubing-conveyed well cleaning solutions have long and highly successful track records. Well Cleaning Sandtrap System The Sandtrap System is a highly ef? cient method of cleaning out large volumes of sand or proppant from a wellbore where suf? cient annular velocity cannot be obtained to circulate the sand out conventionally using coiled tubing.The system incorporates jet pump technology and is powered by water or nitrogen. No foam is required. The Sandtrap System is extremely cost effective compared to alternatives where foam and chemicals are used. It is also extremely ef? cient and requires minimal time. The sand is removed as the tool is lowered, creating the space to continue the process. Production can be resumed immediately after cleanout. Clean wellbore ? uid enters throat and mixes with power ? uid The system comes in 5-3/4 in. and 3 in. OD sizes. Each application is ? ow modeled on an individual well basis.Key features and advantages †¢ Suitable for all sand / proppant types †¢ No foam system required for effective wellbore cleanout †¢ Water, nitrogen or mixture can be used as power ? uid †¢ Fast, ef? cient operation Return to wellbore via exit ports Case History North Sea Objective: A high volume of sand accumulated in a well causing decline in production. Bottomhole pressure in the well would not hold a ? uid column. The sand needed to be cleaned out of the well, with minimum shut-in time requested. CT Solution: A 5-3/4 in. OD Sandtrap System with extensions was chosen since a minimal amount of ? id would be introduced into the well and sand could be captured without circulating all the way up to surface, which would require a foam system. Result: The full 100% tool capacity was ? lled with sand during the ? rst two runs. During the third run only 73% of the capacity was ? lled, indicating that the sand in the well nearly emptied. This was con? rmed with the fourth run only recovering 0. 5 gallon of sand. A total of 265 gallons of sand was recovered during the operation. Sand ? ltered out Passes through gravel screen Check valve traps sand inside tool Wellbore ? uid drawn into tool Jet Pump Sand Cleanout System 3Debris Catching In wellbore cleanout situations where suf? cient annular velocity cannot be obtained to carry debris out of the wellbore, foam systems or nitri? ed ? uids can be used. A time- and cost-saving alternative is a debris catching system, which is used to remove various types of high-density debris and formation particles too heavy to be circulated to surface. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker’s Rotary Venturi Cleanout System consists of a Venturi Jet Junk Basket (VJJB) and Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor. Typically a VJJB is run alone but can be run with a motor to break up compacted debris that is too heavy to ci rculate to surface.The jet basket uses the venturi principle to create a pressure drop inside the tool. Extension barrels can be inserted in the tool to increase its solids carrying capacity. Key features and advantages †¢ Fully closed ? nger or ? utter catchers †¢ Can be run with any type of dressed shoe †¢ Adjustable reservoir through extensions †¢ Adjustable nozzles to accommodate various ? ow rates Motorhead Assembly Navi-Drill Workover Motor Venturi Jet Junk Basket A Venturi Jet Junk Basket (VJJB) with a dressed shoe can be run in conjunction with a Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor to break up compacted debris that is too heavy to circulate to surface. 4Underreaming An underreamer is designed to pass through a downhole restriction, open, clean the hole to full gauge, and close for retrieval back through the restriction. The restriction is typically in the production tubing string, in the form of nipple pro? les, mandrels, and other completion accessories. In we ll cleaning the most common underreaming task is removing cement left from coiled tubing squeeze cementing. Leftover cement is typically the result of large cement nodes forming at the squeezed perforations, or cement hardening before the excess can be reversed out. These cement restrictions must be removed before re perforating.An underreamer is also used to clean out scale and hard ? ll that cannot be removed from liners by jet-washing tools. A mill could be used in these conditions, but the resulting hole size would be about the same as the internal drift of the tubing, leaving a sheath on the walls of the liner. This sheath could dislodge during subsequent operations, possibly resulting in stuck tools. Perforating would not be as ef? cient because the charges would have to expend energy penetrating the sheath before reaching the liner. Well Cleaning Production Tubing Coiled Tubing Connector Lockable Swivel Baker Oil Tools SolutionsDual Back Pressure Valve The DBâ„ ¢ Underream er has proven highly successful in removing cement, packed sand, resin-coated sand, formation and other forms of obstructions. Unlike other slimhole underreamers, the DB Underreamer is designed with a positive locking feature to ensure all cutting blades maintain a full extension upon activation and during an underreaming operation. A proprietary software program models ? ow and operational characteristics of the DB Underreamer prior to each job and during ? eld operations. The program aids in determining appropriate ori? ce size to maximize the ef? ciency of allowable hydraulic power.Key features and advantages †¢ Adjustable nozzles for all ?ow ports †¢ Pressure indication on surface when arms are fully extended †¢ Sturdy construction for downhole reliability †¢ Designed to underream cased or open hole †¢ Positive locking of arms when activated Thru-Tubing Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Non-Rotating Stabilizer Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Case History North Sea Objective: Remove cement from a 7 in. 29. 00 lb/ft liner which was left partly cemented to a total depth of 13,600 ft. Due to a 3. 695 in. restriction in the completion, a conventional fullbore milling assemby could not be run. DB UnderreamerCT Solution: A 3 in. OD DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer with lower bit box was used in combination with a 3. 35 in. turbo mill. This system was chosen because of the plug form of the cement. Cement Casing Result: The underreamer used in combination with the turbo mill successfully milled 1,118 ft of cement in a single run. Using water and high viscous pills, an average rate of penetration (ROP) of 74. 50 ft/hr was achieved. DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer Assembly 5 Impact Drilling Downhole conditions such as high temperatures (above 400 ° F) and hostile ? uids can signi? cantly reduce the life of a workover motor and limit milling operations.Impact drill systems are an attractive alternative because they perform reliably in adverse conditions. The mos t common applications of the impact drill include scale milling, hard cement milling, resin sand removal, and gravel removal. Motorhead Assembly Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ Single-Directional Impact Drill (Si-Di) is used to drill hard packed sand and cement, remove scale and drive debris downhole. The industry-leading impact drill can function as a standard impact hammer, or by applying a modular rotational feature, as a rotating impact drill. It has been speci? ally designed for use on coiled tubing but can be used on threaded pipe in conjunction with an accelerator. Fluid, gas, or foam power the tool, which can operate in temperatures over 600 °F. Single-Directional Impact Drill Key features and advantages †¢ Does not operate until the bit meets resistance †¢ Does not store reverse torque †¢ Can operate in high temperatures (above 600 °F) †¢ Operates with most ? uid media including high volumes of nitrogen †¢ Short make-up length †¢ Can be equipped to operate in hostile conditions †¢ Low redress costs (not constructed of elastomers) HIPP-TRIPPER Accelerator Weight BarCase History North Sea Objective: Barium sulfate scale needed to be removed from a well which had a restricted tool-string deployment height of 11 ft. This ruled out using a conventional positive displacement motor and underreamer assembly. CT Solution: A 2-5/8 in. OD Si-Di Impact Drill equipped with a Cut Button Bit was deployed with a conventional motorhead assembly. Overall assembly length was 9 ft. Result: The assembly successfully drilled out approximately 210 ft of barium sulfate scale at an average rate of 61 ft/hour. The cleanout yielded a 96% increase in oil production in the 7 in. monobore completion.Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Impact Drill Cut Button Bit A well cleaning bottomhole assembly incorporating a Si-Di Impact Drill in combination with a Cut Button Bit for scale removal or hard formation drilling. 6 Mechanical Scale Removal R emoving scale is one of the most common through-tubing applications on coiled tubing. Although various other methods of scale removal have been attempted, mechanical methods have yielded by far the most consistent success rate. Well Cleaning Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill has proven to be the most effective of all options for scale removal.A typical Baker Oil Tools scale removal bottomhole assembly (BHA) consists of a Turbo Scale Mill run below the industry-leading NaviDrill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor. The cutting matrix and layout of the Turbo Scale Mill face have been optimized for this setup. The mill has a smaller contact area when milling, which reduces torque consumption. As a result, there are fewer motor stalls and rate of penetration (ROP) is increased. Stabilizer pads and brass dressed on top of the METAL MUNCHER inserts minimize the risk of damaging the tubing or casing wall.The mill is dressed such that if the ini tial cutting edge breaks due to vibration or hardness of the scale, a second, lower, dressed layer will take over. This design has lengthened mill life per run and reduced trips to surface during extended milling operations, while the improved ef? ciency has increased cost savings through reduction in overall intervention time. Baker’s METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill has proven to be the most effective of all scale removal options. Key features and advantages (Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor) †¢ Higher rates of penetration †¢ Extended run times †¢ Reduced milling times †¢ Minimal ? w rates required to achieve maximum horsepower †¢ Controlled rotational speed protects cutting matrix †¢ Increased reliability in high-stress applications †¢ Successful operation in downhole temperatures above 400 ° F 7 Case History North Sea Objective: The operator required ef? cient removal of scale from a 14,400 ft well consisting consisting of 4 -1/2 in. 13. 50 lb/ft tubing and 7 in. 35. 00 lb/ft liner. Wellbore ? uids were known to be hostile with a history of causing severe damage to conventional workover motor stators. The operation was to be performed from a lower deck with restricted height available for tool-string deployment.CT Solution: A reduced length 2. 88 in. OD Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor was proposed in conjunction with a 3. 61 in. OD METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill. The reduced length assembly could be deployed within the restricted riser height. Result: The hard scale was successfully removed from the 4-1/2 in. tubing using the Turbo Scale Milling Assembly. The same motor was again deployed in conjunction with a DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer to successfully remove scale from the 7 in. liner. Job time for both trips was less than 14 hours, with no ? uid damage caused to the X-treme Motor stator.Top No-Go Tubing Nipple Coiled Tubing Connector Lockable Swivel Dual Back Pressure Valve Universal Hydrauli c Disconnect Thru-Tubing Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Non-Rotating Stabilizer Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Turbo Scale Mill A typical Baker scale removal bottomhole assembly (BHA) consists of a Turbo Scale Mill run below the industry-leading Navi-Drill  ® X-treme  ® Workover Motor. 8 High-Pressure Jet Washing Wellbore cleaning solutions also include a variety of high-pressure jet washing tools. These tools are used for sand, paraf? n, asphaltine or scale cleanouts.High-pressure jet washing tools are also highly effective for cleaning completion accessories such as nipples, gas lift mandrels and screens where mechanical means are limited. Well Cleaning Coiled Tubing Connector Baker Oil Tools Solutions Lateral entry and washing Dual Back Pressure Valve Baker Oil Tools offers an extensive array of tools that can be used as accessories for standard milling and ? shing assemblies. The Hydraulic Indexing Tool enables a BHA to rotate in 30 ° increments with high torque. The H ydraulic Bent Sub is designed to provide a means of hydraulically â€Å"kicking over† a tool string for entry into laterals or for ? hing applications. The High-Flow Spinning Wash Tool is used to ef? ciently wash sand and debris. Key features and advantages †¢ Kick-over force is easily controllable by hydraulic pressure differential †¢ Positive rotational control when used with indexing tool †¢ High speed rotation spinning wash tool †¢ May be run with a variety of ? uids Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Indexing Tool Hydraulic Bent Sub Spinning Wash Tool A lateral wash assembly consisting of a Hydraulic Indexing Tool, a Hydraulic Bent Sub and a High-Flow Spinning Wash Tool. 9Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool The Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool effectively cleans out the wellbore or stimulates the reservoir using the ? uidic oscillating principle. A vortex is formed inside the tool, which produces oscillating pulses upon exiting. These pulses produce sonic stress waves that have a far greater effective range than a common jetting nozzle. Non-damaging cleanout of complex and delicate structures such as downhole screens, installations, gas lift mandrels, and sliding sleeves is possible because the cleaning radius is not limited by tool standoff.Key features and advantages †¢ No moving parts †¢ Pulsates any ? uid, gas, or mixture such as nitrogen, water and/or acid †¢ Produces sonic stress waves so cleaning radius is not limited by tool geometry †¢ Effectively stimulates the reservoir †¢ Available ? ush with coiled tubing OD Internal Coiled Tubing Connector Coiled Tubing Case History Texas Objective: To remove barium sulfate scale from the production tubing and perforated interval in a gas well where previous bailer attempts were unsuccessful. Production in the well had steadily declined to 140 Mcf/day and 600 psi wellhead pressure.CT Solution: A 1-1/4 in. OD Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool on 1-1/4 in. OD coiled tubing was selected to clean out the barium sulfate scale. To ensure the ? ll would return to surface and reduce the hydrostatic pressure acting on the reservoir, a water / nitrogen mixture was used. Result: The cyclic stress waves generated by the action created by the Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool, combined with the water medium, broke up the scale. The scale was successfully removed and production increased to 5 MMscf with a 2,600 psi wellhead pressure. Dual Back Pressure ValveVortech Pulsating Jetting Tool Wellbore Cleanout and Reservoir Stimulation 10 Fishing and Milling Recovering Tools with Downhole Vibration Technology When ? shing on coiled tubing for devices stuck in hole, hydraulic jars are typically used as means of providing impact force to free the device. The drawback is that the pipe must be cycled over the gooseneck multiple times to ? re and reset the jar. Downhole vibration technology places impact energy right where the device is stuck and frees it quickly, even from deep or deviated wells. Coiled Tubing ConnectorFishing and Milling Baker Oil Tools Solutions Dual Back Pressure Valve Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Non-Rotating Stabilizer Unlike conventional jars, Baker’s Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar (Bi-Di) delivers the energy of the impact immediately above the ? sh. The Bi-Di is used extensively in ? shing operations to deliver both upward and downward impact up to 1,000 times per minute. This high-frequency jarring action, combined with a constant overpull, is similar to the action created by a vibratory extractor, which is a highly effective method of extracting sand-compacted ? h. The Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar is especially effective for installing and removing equipment in horizontal and highly deviated wells. Because the tool resets and activates itself with the aid of pumped ? uid, cycling the coiled tubing is eliminated, which extends its life. In addition to functioning as an excellent alternative to jarring, the vibratory jar can be used to shift sliding sleeves, swage open collapsed tubing, break ceramic or glass disks, and retrieve wireline tools in deviated wells. Key features and advantages †¢ May be operated using gas/foam/? id including nitrogen †¢ Temperature rated up to 600 °F †¢ Compatible with highly deviated/horizontal wellbore applications †¢ Can circulate while going in the hole †¢ Eliminates cycling of pipe Bi-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Vibratory Jar Case History Gulf of Mexico Objective: A G-Stop Plug installed above a gravel pack screen needed to be removed. Numerous wireline and coiled tubing overpull and jarring methods had been unsuccessful in removing the plug. Hydraulic Releasing Spear CT Solution: Deploy a 2-1/8 in. Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar to retrieve the G-Stop. Result: G-Stop was retrieved in 18 minutes of on-bottom time.Bi-Directional Vibratory Fishing BHA 11 Recovering Tools with Hydraulically Activated Fishing Tools Most types of conventional spears and ov ershots can be conveyed on coiled tubing. These include standard basket and spiral-type overshots, kelo sockets, mousetrap overshots, and releasing spears. However, these types of tools cannot be released conventionally because coiled tubing cannot be rotated. If these tools are run on coiled tubing and the ? sh cannot be retrieved after latching the overshot, a hydraulic disconnect farther up the tool string must be activated.This leaves additional tools in the hole. To avoid this situation, it is advisable to run hydraulic releasing spears and overshots before running conventional types of spears and overshots when ? shing using coiled tubing. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker’s Hydraulic Releasing Spears and Overshots are designed speci? cally for coiled tubing ? shing operations. The overshot is used to catch either external ? shnecks or slick ODs, and the spear is used in internal ? shnecks or slick IDs. Hydraulic Releasing Spears and Overshots for ? shneck pro? les are dr essed with a collet designed to ? a speci? c ? shneck type. Overshots and spears designed to catch slick ? shnecks are dressed with a grapple-type collet in the speci? c catch range size required. For ? shing in larger-diameter wellbores, Baker Oil Tools' patented hydraulic release ? shing tools have been designed to allow engagement of a ? sh with an internal or external ? shing neck. These tools were designed speci? cally for coiled tubing or threaded pipe operations where no rotation is possible. Key features and advantages †¢ Designed speci? cally for coiled tubing conveyance †¢ Ability to circulate ? id out of the end of the tool provides a means of washing debris or ? ll from the ? shneck to allow proper latching †¢ Collet-style grapple does not get loaded during jarring operation; grapple section that catches the ? sh is in compression when pulling or jarring on the ? sh Indexing Tool Motorhead Assembly Hydraulic Knuckle Joint Hydraulic Release Overshot A Baker Oil Tools Hydraulic Release Overshot is combined in a bottomhole assembly with other hydraulically actuated tools to enable ? shing through tubing in a larger bore. This BHA can locate a small ? hing neck in a larger bore by activating the Indexing Tool and the Hydraulic Bent Sub to systematically search the larger bore and engage the ? sh. 12 Internal Fishing Necks Size Max 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 5 7 . 90 1. 08 1. 40 1. 83 2. 33 2. 64 3. 14 4. 02 5. 38 A (In. ) Min . 88 1. 06 1. 38 1. 81 2. 31 2. 62 3. 12 4. 00 5. 40 Max 1. 05 1. 24 1. 58 1. 99 2. 52 2. 83 3. 33 4. 21 5. 62 B (In. ) Min 1. 03 1. 22 1. 56 1. 97 2. 50 1-1/2 2. 81 3. 31 4. 19 5. 64 2 3 2. 81 3. 38 4. 19 5. 60 2. 78 3. 35 4. 16 5. 64 1 1. 38 2 C (In. ) D (In. ) E (In. ) Max 1. 03 1. 19 1. 62 1. 94 2. 50 F (In. ) Min 1. 0 1. 16 1. 59 1. 91 2. 47 Fishing and Milling E D C C MIN .50 70? 45? 30? 30? F A B A -. 010 +. 000 B -. 032 +. 000 D MIN .03 R . 06 X 45 Internal Fishing Necks .06 R External Fishing Necks Exter nal Fishing Necks Min tubing size in which neck may be run (In. ) 1. 660 Pulling Tool A (In. ) B (In. ) C (In. ) D (In. ) Otis 1-3/16 RB 1-5/16 SM* 1-1/4 RB* 1-1/2 RB* 1-1/2 RB* 1-1/2 SB 2 RB* 2 SB 2-1/2 RB* 2-1/2 SB 3 RB* 3 SB Camco 1-1/4 JDC* 1-5/16 JDC* 1-3/8 JDC* 1-1/2 JDC* 1-1/2 JUC 2 JDC* 2 JUC 2-1/2 JDC* 2-1/2 JUC 3 JDC* 3 JUC .875 .688 2-3/4 1-5/16 1. 660 1. 000 .813 2-3/4 1-7/16 1. 900 1. 188 1. 000 -1/4 1-1/2 2-3/8 1. 375 1. 188 2-3/8 1-15/16 2-7/8 1. 750 1. 500 2-1/4 2-3/8 3-1/2 2. 313 2. 063 2-1/4 2-7/8 * These dimensions are based on using the pulling tools (overshots) most commonly found on wireline service trucks. They are the Otis RB, RS, SB, and SS, and the Camco JDC, JUC, JDS, and JUS. The RB, RS, JUC, and JUS are all jar-up release tools, and the others are jar-down to release. The minimum recommended distance to allow an Otis SB or Camco JDC pulling tool to release. Fishing neck type size sometimes referred to by â€Å"A† dimension. The least recommended d iameter immediately surrounding the ? hing neck to allow the overshot dogs room to latch and unlatch. Camco is a trademark of Schlumberger; Otis is a registered trademark of Halliburton. 13 Recovering Coiled Tubing When coiled tubing parts in tension, it â€Å"necks† down over several inches at the point where it parted. It is possible for overshots to engage the top of the parted section, but engaging parted coiled tubing can be dif? cult because of residual helix and spring in the coil itself. When coiled tubing parts are in compression, it typically buckles and bends over to form a â€Å"shepherd's hook† shape.A compression failure normally requires dressing the coiled tubing using a washover shoe before running tools such as a Snipper or Continuous Tubing Overshots. Baker Oil Tools Solutions The Snipper Overshot is used to remove the damaged top section of parted coiled tubing remaining in the hole. A catch and cutting mechanism in the overshot washes over the top of the coiled tubing. Once the required amount of coiled tubing (typically 5 to 10 ft) is â€Å"swallowed†, overpull is applied, which forces the catch grapple to bite into the coiled tubing. This overpull may be suf? cient to free the ? h. If not, the overpull is increased to activate the lower cutting grapple, which cuts the coiled tubing. Once the snipper has been run, a round ? shneck with a non-restricted ID remains to allow passage of a chemical cutter should one be required later in the ? shing operation. The Snipper Overshot has also been used as a primary retrieval tool to recover several thousand feet of coiled tubing in a single trip. The Continuous Tubing Overshot (CTO) is used to catch coiled tubing that has parted in the hole. The CTO uses an internal grapple sized to the coiled tubing being ? shed.The grapple segments are arranged in a circumference to provide a nearly complete slip bite. They are springloaded against the coiled tubing, so long sections of tubi ng can be washed over without dragging the grapple teeth against the tubing and causing tooth damage. The CTO moves freely downward over the coiled tubing. The grapple segments engage with any upward movement of the tool. The CTO can be run with either threaded tubing or coiled tubing workstrings when ? shing coiled tubing. Sometimes circulating ? uids out around the coiled tubing being ? shed can help to free it.In these cases, a High Pressure Packoff (HPP) is run above the CTO. The HPP can also allow drop balls to be circulated to seat in circulation subs and hydraulic disconnect tools in the original BHA. Actuation of these tools can also help to free the stuck tubing. Key features and advantages †¢ Modular design for multiple sizes of coiled tubing †¢ Snipper retrieves coiled tubing above cut in same trip †¢ May be run on threaded or coiled tubing †¢ High Pressure Packoff allows high pressure circulation through a ? sh Cut and retrieve Coiled Tubing using a S nipper Overshot. 14Case History Algeria Objective: Poor cement quality in a well created problems in setting a cement kickoff plug, which resulted in 2 in. coiled tubing being cemented in the well. The cemented coiled tubing had to be removed so the completion could be recovered. CT Solution: A Baker Oil Tools Snipper Overshot was deployed to cut and retrieve the coiled tubing which was cemented on the inside. Result: On the ? rst run of the Snipper Overshot, 1,115 ft of 2 in. CT was successfully recovered with no problems. The ? nal foot of recoverable CT was recovered on the second run.The remaining section of CT was below the existing completion, so the operator was able to remove the entire completion. Fishing and Milling 15 Removing and Recovering Obstructions Breaking completion obstructions such as knock-out isolation valves (KOIV) using an impact hammer and ceramic disk breaker is common practice on coiled tubing. Traditionally the debris is removed with a debris catching de vice on a subsequent run. However, Baker Oil Tools offers a safe, reliable, one-trip solution. Coiled Tubing Connector Baker Oil Tools SolutionsBaker’s Single-Directional Impact Drill (Si-Di) is used to drill hard packed sand and cement, remove scale and drive debris downhole. The industry-leading impact drill can function as a standard impact hammer or, by applying a modular rotational feature, as a rotating impact drill. It has been speci? cally designed for use on coiled tubing but can be used on threaded pipe in conjunction with an accelerator. Fluid, gas, or foam power the tool, which can operate in temperatures over 600 °F. The Si-Di can also be run with a Venturi Jet Junk Basket to allow wellbore obstructions to be impacted and debris recovered in a single trip.Key features and advantages †¢ Does not operate until the bit meets resistance †¢ Does not store reverse torque †¢ Can operate in high temperatures (above 600 ° F) †¢ Operates with most ? uid media including high volumes of nitrogen †¢ Short make-up length †¢ Can be equipped to operate in hostile conditions †¢ Low redress costs (not constructed of elastomers) Dual Back Pressure Valve Hydraulic Jar FA Hydraulic Disconnect Case History Gulf of Mexico Objective: On an extremely challenging thru-tubing ? shing operation, where operational risk and cost had to be minimized, the following objectives were given; †¢ To break a pair of ceramic isolation ? ppers at 26,806 ft measured depth †¢ Ensure effective cleaning after breakage of the ? appers and any other debris encountered †¢ Shift a ? uid loss device at a depth of 27,090 ft MD CT Solution: The Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER ®, Venturi Jet Junk Basket and custom bit were deployed in the same BHA to allow the ? appers to be broken, debris to be collected and the ? uid loss device to be shifted open, all in one trip. Extensive testing and prejob planning con? rmed the solution’s feasibility. R esult: Results of the operations performed are summarized as follows: †¢ The ? appers were broken, debris recovered and ? id loss valve shifted. †¢ Fewer trips reduced overall risk of the operation and saved the client an estimated $400,000 †¢ The job set a record working depth for coiled tubing in the Gulf of Mexico. Obstruction Removal and Recovery System Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Impact Drill Venturi Jet Junk Basket Special Shoe 16 Cutting Pipe Production Tubing Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Back Pressure Valve For many years, wireline-conveyed explosive jet and chemical cutters have been the preferred choice for cutting tubulars in slimhole wellbores. Baker Oil Tools offers a safe, ef? ient alternative in applications where explosive jet or chemical cutters are unable to provide suf? cient energy to cut single or multiple strings of pipe downhole. Baker Oil Tools Solutions The DBâ„ ¢ Cutter is safer than explosive or chemical cutting methods since it does not contain o r use any hazardous materials and is activated by hydraulic pressure and mechanical forces. Its superior cutting ability is proven by the fact that it has successfully cut internally plastic-coated drill pipe and production tubing containing 25% CR and has completed cuts through multiple strings of pipe with cement in between.The DB Cutter uses several unique cutting blade con? gurations that were designed speci? cally to address various metallurgical properties and dimensions. The cutting blades contain METAL MUNCHER ® cutting inserts, which were developed by Baker Oil Tools to mill and cut a variety of metals downhole at a high rate of penetration. METAL MUNCHER blades require less applied weight and less torque. They last longer; cuttings are small, uniform, and easy to circulate out. Each cutting insert is placed in a speci? c pattern to ensure that a new cutting element becomes exposed to the pipe wall when the previous insert diminishes.When cutting tubing using coiled tubin g as means of deployment, it is dif? cult to keep the knives of the cutting tool in a ? xed position, because the coiled tubing is moving when the pumps are started or when the pump rate is increased. The robust, self-stabilizing DB Cutter and a Navi-Drill ® V. I. P. â„ ¢ or X-treme ® Workover Motor in combination with the Hydraulic/Mechanical Tubing Anchor constitute the preferred bottomhole assembly for this type of application. Key features and advantages †¢ Self-stabilizing Fishing and Milling Universal Hydraulic DisconnectDual Actuated Circulating Sub Hydraulic Centralizer Navi-Drill V. I. P. Workover Motor DB Cutter †¢ Superior cutting ability from blades designed with METAL MUNCHER cutting inserts †¢ Safer than explosive or chemical cutting methods †¢ Limited maximum knife expansion prevents damage to outer casing strings Tubing Cut @ 7,290 ft Tubing Cut @ 7,661 ft Case History South America Objective: To perform a series of cuts in 4-1/2 in. 12. 75 lb/ft tubing which was stuck inside 9-5/8 in. casing due to a sand ? lled annulus. A tubing washover was not feasible due to wire and clamps being ? ed to the tubing OD. A previous chemical cutter attempt was unsuccessful. CT Solution: A 2-1/4 in. DB Cutter was deployed with a 2-1/8 in. OD Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor, Hydraulic Centralizer and standard running assembly. Result: Five cuts were made inside the tubing. Two of the cuts were completed in a single trip into the well. Although one of the ? ve cuts had penetrated 90% into the pipe, each cut was pulled successfully and no top dressing was required prior to latching with a ? shing overshot. Tubing Cut @ 7,943 ft Tubing Cut @ 8,255 ft Tubing Cut @ 8,537 ftCasing DBâ„ ¢ Cutter System, cutting production tubing with sensor wire clamped onto the outside 17 Milling Coiled tubing is used to mill materials such as scale, metal, cement and composite and cast-iron bridge plugs, as well as many forms of loose junk. When milling m etal, Baker Oil Tools’ ? shing calculations software helps calculate mill bit speeds to provide optimum milling performance. Fishing Calculations Software Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ METAL MUNCHER ® Step Mill consists of a series of steps with a wear pad at the top of the largest OD step.Each step is dressed with tungsten carbide cutting inserts, and the length of each step is custom built to suit the dimensions of the nipple being enlarged. The step feature is designed to keep torque consumption of the workover motor low and cutting sizes to a minimum. This mill design is based in part on lathe-cutting principles and leaves a machine-like ? nish on the milled surface. The mill may be manufactured with a pilot for additional stabilization. Enlarging or removing nipple pro? les is usually performed during through-tubing operations where the ID of the nipple is less than the OD of tools required to pass through it.In many cases, the lower tailpipe nipple of the completion is removed to allow contingency ? shing tools access to the liner below. A pro? le-enlargement milling assembly includes the same BHA con? guration as a scale milling assembly, but with a different mill bit design. Step Mill Key features and advantages †¢ Low torque application †¢ Machine-like ? nish left on milled surface †¢ Will not damage outer string 18 Case History North Sea Objective: An operator in the UK sector of the North Sea required a 3. 688 in. ID nickel alloy â€Å"AR† Nipple to be milled out to 3. 75 in. ID to allow a Baker Oil Tools Coiled Tubing Straddle Assembly consisting of two 3. 70 in. OD Model KB Packers to be set below the nipple. Fishing and Milling CT Solution: Due to the extreme challenges presented by milling nickel alloy material, two special insert step mills were custom built for this application. The mills were deployed on 1-1/2 in. OD coiled tubing and powered by a 2-7/8 in. Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor. Resu lt: The nipple was milled to 3. 875 in. ID out in two runs as planned, with actual on-bottom milling time of 5-1/2 hours for both runs.The second mill drifted the nipple twice upon completion of milling and was measured in gauge upon inspection at surface. The KB straddle assembly could then be set below the nipple depth. 19 METAL MUNCHER ® Milling Assembly with Magnetic Chip Catcher On a milling job, a Magnetic Chip Catcher can be run above the motor to help remove cuttings from the well. The tool houses magnets that attract metal chips from the wellbore ? uid. This tool is ideal for use on coiled tubing, where annular ? uid velocities are too low to carry cuttings out of the well. The catcher is usually run directly above the motor.A centralizer is incorporated in the tool to stand it off the casing so cuttings will remain on the tool and not be scraped off while pulling out of the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ Helps keep metal cuttings out of mud system †¢ Magn ets are enclosed in housing for easy cutting removal †¢ Special centralizer feature to maintain standoff from casing Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Back Pressure Valve Case History Alaska Objective: The operator required approximately 80 ft of 2-7/8 in. 6. 40 lb/ft liner – cemented inside 4-1/2 in. 12. 0 lb/ft casing – to be milled and circulated out of the well. This would allow a whipstock to be set at a desired kickoff point and a dual exit window to be milled through 4-1/2 in. 12. 60 lb/ft and 7 in. 26. 00 lb/ft casing. CT Solution: A high-performance Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor was deployed on coiled tubing in combination with a custom-designed METAL MUNCHER ® Piranha Mill. Result: The required section of 2-7/8 in. liner was successfully removed in a total of 94 hours milling time. The monobore whipstock was subsequently set at the desired kickoff point and the window milled through two casing strings.Thru-Tubing F ishing Chip Catcher Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor METAL MUNCHER Junk Mill Milling Bottomhole Assembly with Chip Catcher 20 OPTICUT â„ ¢ Mills Baker Oil Tools’ OPTICUTâ„ ¢ Junk Mills are designed for milling debris where milling inserts are considered too aggressive. These mills effectively remove composite bridge plugs such as QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ plugs. While a single mill can remove an average of seven to ten composite bridge plugs before redress is required, as many as 14 plugs have been removed successfully using the same OPTICUTâ„ ¢ mill.OPTICUTâ„ ¢ dressed mills use the patented OPTICUTâ„ ¢ starshaped insert that is ideally suited to mud motors since it creates small cuttings and does not need high set-down weight to perform optimally. Baker Oil Tools offers a variety of sizes and con? gurations accommodating all common casing and tubing sizes. Key features and advantages †¢ Optimum shaped geometry assures sharp cutti ng edges and points are looking up no matter how the insert is positioned †¢ Sixteen cutting points and eight cutting edges OPTICUT â„ ¢ Star-Shaped Insert Fishing and Milling Sharp edges and points result in less weight requirement and increased rate of penetration (ROP) 21 Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub The Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub, when positioned between a workover motor and a mill, improves milling performance and aids in achieving higher rates of penetration. A vortex is formed inside the tool, which produces oscillating pulses. Upon exiting; these pulses produce sonic stress waves that have a far greater effective range than a common bit nozzle. Because pressure differential created across the bit sub is only 75 psi, the overall performance of the motor is not compromised.Higher penetration rates result from the higher impact pressure created from pulsing the jet stream and the reduction of the â€Å"hydraulic hold-down effect† on cuttings that is caused by straigh t jets. The Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub aids not only in breaking up hard, brittle material, but also in cleaning the bit and removing debris from the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ Pulsates any ? uid, gas, or mixture such as nitrogen, water, and/or acid †¢ Produces sonic stress waves so cleaning radius is not limited by tool geometry †¢ Increased penetration rate Motorhead Assembly Case History Texas Objective: Mill cement from inside a 2-7/8 in. ompletion, which was inadvertently set 2,500 ft too high. CT Solution: A Vortech Bit Sub along with a 1-11/16 in. OD workover motor and cement mill. Result: 1-11/16 in. workover motor and cement mill showed slow progress. When the Vortech Bit Sub was installed between the motor and mill, rate of penetration (ROP) increased by 40%. Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub Turbo Scale Mill Scale Milling Assembly with Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub 22 Zone Isolation Through Tubing Zone isolation is one of the most common through-tubing well intervention operations where coiled tubing can add value.Through-tubing workover solutions can be carried out in ‘live’ well conditions, negating any requirements for costly and time-consuming well kill operations and eliminating the chances of irreparable wellbore damage that may result from using kill-weight ? uids. A through-tubing zonal isolation system can be engineered to provide a solution whether the zone in question is a lower zone, an intermediate zone or an upper zone. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker pioneered the development of reliable, high-expansion, Thru-Tubing In? atable Element Technology beginning in 1985.The most prevalent industry use of Thru-Tubing in? atable products and services has been in the area of zone isolation, with water shutoff ranking as the number one application. The versatility offered by a Thru-Tubing in? atable packing element allows for tools to be set in the most diverse range of wellbore environm ents, including cased hole, slotted pipe, perforations, open hole and screens. Our complete line of coiled tubing deployed in? atable products and services includes ? t-for-purpose, in-house-designed running and retrieving tools and our INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ proprietary design software package.INFLATEDESIGN aids in the planning, engineering and implementation of our Thru-Tubing in? atable well intervention tools. The software enables structured gathering of relevant completion, reservoir, coiled tubing and post well intervention information which is used to generate an in? atable element performance envelope. This performance envelope identi? es the ability of the selected Thru-Tubing element to handle the required differential pressure conditions and enables the Baker Oil Tools operations engineer to make job set-up changes to minimize the effects of these conditions and optimize the results to the operator.Zone Isolation Section View of In? atable Element 3. 375 in. Inflatable Elem ent Performance Envelope for 6. 094 in. ID Standard Element -6000. 00 -4000. 00 -2000. 00 Below Element Pressure (psia) 0. 00 2000. 00 4000. 00 6000. 00 8000. 00 8000. 00 6000. 00 4000. 00 Above Element Pressure (psia) COND #1 2000. 00 0. 00 COND #2 -2000. 00 -4000. 00 -6000. 00 1600 psi Initial Inflate Pressure Cond. #1 Cond. #2 INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ Element Performance Envelope 23 Retrievable Bridge Plug A Thru-Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug may be used to plug off any part of the wellbore where a more temporary or temporary-to-permanent application is required.The Retrievable Bridge Plug is conveyed to setting depth via coiled tubing and set by means of applied coiled tubing pressure. After setting, the bridge plug is disconnected from the running string via a hydraulic release running tool. A high-expansion in? atable packing element may allow for expansion capabilities of greater than 350% and may support applied differential pressures of greater than 8,500 psi. The bridge plug may be retrieved with either coiled tubing or wireline and latched, equalized and released with a single trip in the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ No well kill required †¢ In? table packing element can be run through restrictions then seals effectively in larger ID below †¢ Single trip to equalize, release and retrieve reduces intervention costs †¢ External ? shing neck pro? le eliminates internal debris problems Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release Case History Indonesia Objective: An operator in Indonesia needed to isolate a lower water-producing zone in 9-5/8 in. 47. 00 lb/ft casing through a minimum tubing restriction of 3. 13 in. CT Solution: A Baker Oil Tools 3. 00 in. OD Thru-Tubing In? table Retrievable Bridge Plug was run, set and disconnected from a setting depth of 8,470 ft and a deviation of 67?. Result: After returning the well to production, the water c ut was reduced from 12,000 bbls/day to 7,300 bbls/day while the production rate was increased from 1,400 bbls/day to 4,500 bbls/day. Thru-Tubing In? atable Permanent Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 58. Thru-Tubing In? atable Permanent Cement Retainer. Please refer to Page 59. Nipple Pro? le Locator Ball Operated Circulation Valve In? ation Valve Hydraulic Disconnect Running Tool Retrievable Bridge Plug CT Isolation of Lower Zones Using a Thru-Tubing In? table Retrievable Bridge Plug 24 Retrievable Packer The Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer is a high-expansion retrievable packer designed to carry out various workover operations in a through-tubing environment. Zonal isolation with a packer is typically performed on either a lower or intermediate zone. For lower zone applications, the packer is used to protect the upper zones from the cement or chemical shut-off treatment performed through the coiled tubing. The Thru-Tubing In? atable Packer is conveyed to setting depth vi a coiled tubing, set, treating operations conducted, equalized and retrieved in a single trip in hole.For intermediate zone isolation, the packer will more than likely be used in conjunction with a Thru-Tubing Retrievable In? atable Bridge Plug. Here the bridge plug will be set below the zone of interest and the packer positioned above the zone of interest. Now coiled tubing treatment operations can be performed selectively to the required isolation zone. Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing Connector Zone Isolation Fluid Loading Valve Key features and advantages †¢ Selective treatment eliminates damage to productive zones Dual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve One-trip system reduces intervention costs †¢ Coiled tubing stays attached so recovery concerns are minimized †¢ Integral packer equalization negates potentially damaging CT forces Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release Tension Operated Equalizing/ Circulating Valve Retrievable Packer Selective Zonal Treatme nt Using Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer 25 Straddle Systems Baker Oil Tools has designed a number of Thru-Tubing In? atable Straddle Systems with different geometries to offer clients a solution to zonal isolation requirements where isolation of either an upper or intermediate zone is required.Both permanent and retrievable systems are available with design criteria that optimize the ratio of straddle ID to straddle OD in order to minimize restrictions for either production or injection through the zone of isolation. These systems can be run as a single unit if coiled tubing lubricator restrictions will allow, or more commonly, in sections. When running a modular system, the straddle system is effectively assembled downhole via multiple coiled tubing runs using a releasable and sealable snap latch mechanism to couple the straddle sections together in the wellbore.To date the longest straddle placed in a producing environment using this technology was in excess of 1,800 ft . The straddle system may also incorporate ? ow control devices such as nipples and sliding sleeves, and can be blank pipe or sand screen depending on isolation requirements. Key features and advantages †¢ Maximizing straddle OD/ID ratio minimizes pressure drop and may allow the potential of future through-straddle intervention work †¢ Straddle length is not limited by lubricator constraints †¢ Availability of exotic alloys means intervention straddle can meet completion metallurgy selection criteriaCompletion Case History UK Objective: A well in the UK sector of the North Sea required isolation of an upper gas producing zone in 7 in. 29. 00 lb/ft L-80 casing below a 4. 313 in. minimum restriction. The zone in question was perforated from 14,622 ft to 14,724 ft. A differential pressure capability of 6,000 psi was required. CT Solution: A 4-1/4 in. OD x 2. 25 in. ID Thru-Tubing Permanent In? atable Straddle System was run in two sections. The total straddle length was 168 ft with a 2-7/8 in. 6. 40 lb/ft straddle pipe used.Result: After straddle installation, the lower oil producing zone was perforated through the straddle and the well brought back on line with produced ? uids in excess of 20,000 bbls per day. This in? atable straddle system was maintained in a producing environment for more than seven years. In? atable Straddle Acidizing Packer (ISAPâ„ ¢). Please refer to Page 30. Snap Latch Upper Receptacle Upper Straddle Element Interval Spacing Lower Straddle Element Wireline Entry Guide Intermediate Zonal Isolation Using Thru-Tubing In? atable Straddle System 26 MonoboreWith coiled-tubing-conveyed systems, zone isolation in a monobore well intervention operation does not require costly kill-weight ? uids that can irreversibly damage the formation. Not using kill-weight ? uids allows the effective treatment of zones that require fracturing operations in a wide range of injection pressures. A monobore zone isolation system can be targeted to provide a solution whether the treatment of the zone is in a lower, intermediate or upper portion of the wellbore. Baker Oil Tools provides a one-trip, coiled-tubing-conveyed system for single zone isolation in monobore environments.Baker Oil Tools Solutions The Model N-1â„ ¢ Cast Iron Bridge Plug is a high-performance, drillable bridge plug suitable for almost any zone isolation operation. The plug is constructed from select materials that provide a combination of strength and drillability. The CTâ„ ¢ Hydraulic Setting Tool and Model N-1 Bridge Plug are designed to be run and hydraulically operated on coiled tubing. No rotation is required to operate the system, which makes it ideal for coiled tubing applications in highly deviated wells.When running the Model N-1, the CT Setting Tool allows the operator to spot cement on top of the bridge plug and/or circulate the hole clean prior to pulling out of the well. Key features and advantages †¢ Construction of drillable mate rials allow coiled tubing deployed downhole mills and motors to easily remove the bridge plug should it be necessary to do so for future operations †¢ Drill-out time is minimized †¢ Swab-resistant element design allows faster run-in speed Model WGâ„ ¢ Retrievable Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 34. CT Setting Tool. Please refer to Page 60.The CTâ„ ¢ Service Packer is a compact, economical, retrievable packer designed for use in coiled tubing applications. The CT Packer is a multiple-set-and-release packer that operates ef? ciently with an â€Å"auto-J† mechanism actuated from the surface by axial movement of the coiled tubing, which makes the packer easy to set and release. The emergency shear release values can be adjusted for downhole conditions and pull capabilities. Key features and advantages †¢ Short and compact †¢ Uses an easy-to-operate â€Å"auto-J† mechanism for multiple set and release †¢ Adjustable emergency shear releaseZon e Isolation Model CTâ„ ¢ Tension Set Service Packer 27 28 Stimulation and Fracturing Conveying stimulation and fracturing systems on coiled tubing allows these operations to be carried out in a â€Å"live† well, so there is no need for a costly and time consuming well kill and no chance of irreparable wellbore damage from the use of kill-weight ? uids. Through Tubing ISAP We pioneered the development of high-expansion, Thru-Tubing In? atable Element Technology beginning in 1985. The versatility offered by a Thru-Tubing In? table Packing Element allows for service tools to be set in the most diverse range of wellbore environments, including cased hole, slotted pipe, perforations, open hole and screens. Our complete line of coiled-tubing-deployed in? atable products and services includes ? t-for-purpose, in-house designed running and retrieving tools. The product line is complemented by our proprietary INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ software package which aids in both job planning and execution. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ In? table Straddle Acidizing Packer (ISAPâ„ ¢) System is a unique, through-tubing, coiledtubing-conveyed well intervention system that provides a versatile and reliable method for accurate and selective ? uid placement. The ISAP System is particularly suited to such applications as water shutoff, chemical treatments, screen washing, leak testing and injection testing. Stimulation operations predominantly by means of acid have proven to be the most requested operation for the ISAP System. The system is particularly valuable in mature ? lds where reservoirs are depleted and production of undesirable ? uids is increasing. 2. 50 in. OD In? atable Element in 7. 00 in. OD Pipe Stimulation and Fracturing The ISAP System uses resettable elements that allow for multiple settings in a single coiled tubing trip with variable element spacing to allow for true selectivity. Several unique features ensure the highest degree of reliab ility. Additionally, because the ISAP System was designed for coiled tubing deployment, it requires no set-down weight to operate, making it ideal for highly deviated and horizontal wellbore applications.Key features and advantages †¢ Resettable operation allows single trip multiple zone settings †¢ No exposed control line; all plumbing is internal to the system †¢ Integral injection control valve allows for de? ation against CT overbalance †¢ No locked-in in? ation pressure maximizes element longevity and negates detrimental element temperature effects †¢ No set-down weight required †¢ De? ation of tool system to the annulus †¢ Stimulation ? uid maintained in CT between sets to eliminate loss of expensive chemicals 29 Case History South America Objective: The operator required a stimulation treatment on a perforated interval at 15,750 ft in a 7. 0 in. 32. 00lb/ft liner through a 5. 95 in. ID safety valve at 285? F. CT Solution: The ISAPâ„ ¢ too l dressed with two 4. 25 in. OD nickel alloy style elements and 16 ft spacing was deployed into the wellbore supporting a maximum CT overbalance of 3,200 psi. Two sets of the system were undertaken with a treatment recipe consisting of solvent, diesel and 7. 5% HCL. Result: After retrieval of the CT BHA and ISAP tool string, the well was brought back on line with production ? gures showing an increase of 4,200 bbls per day, to 6,000 bbls per day. Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing ConnectorDual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release ISAPâ„ ¢ Track Record †¢ Acid stimulation intervention achieved 22 sets in a single CT trip †¢ 2,000 bbls HCL pumped with a total of 12 sets in a single CT run at an inclination of 90? †¢ 1,000 bbl polymer gel water control chemical treatment †¢ Successful operation in sour gas environment at up to 24. 5% H2S and with aromatic solvents such as xylene †¢ MSAPâ„ ¢ (mechanical rather than in? atable version for monobore applications) developed and run on coiled tubing Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer.Please refer to Page 25. Thru-Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 24. Injection Control Valve Nipple Pro? le Locator Spotting Valve Upper ISAP Element Treatment Control Valve Lower ISAP Element Flow Actuated Drain Valve Selective Treatment Operations Using In? atable Straddle Acidizing Packer System (ISAP â„ ¢) 30 QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products From the heart of our Remedial & Stimulation product line comes stimulation and fracturing tools including retrievable bridge plugs, cast iron bridge plugs and the highly successful line of QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products.Easily deployed, retrieved and removed on coiled tubing, R&S Products meet stimulation and fracturing needs that include low-pressure, low-temperature environments as well as high-pressure applications when needed. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Increased production, less forma tion damage, and less rig time are all possible with QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products. No other company has more successful experience in designing and manufacturing downhole tools from composites. And no other company has as much experience in milling composites.Now, Baker Oil Tools has leveraged its leadership in these two areas to produce the QUIK Drill System, a revolutionary system of zone isolation tools that includes Composite Bridge Plugs and Composite Frac Plugs manufactured entirely of advanced, high-performance composite materials. QUIK Drill is the industry’s most comprehensive system of optimized composite zone isolation and milling tools – a powerful advantage over ordinary tools. The QUIK Drill System makes it possible to rapidly isolate and treat or test multiple zones, each with different bottomhole pressures, while dramatically lowering the risk of formation damage.QUIK Drill System components are available in many sizes and types. QUIK Drill Comp osite Bridge Plugs and Frac Plugs offer a cost-effective way to independently isolate and treat or test multiple zones of interest in a single wellbore. When treatment is complete, the QUIK Drill Plug can be quickly removed in an underbalanced environment, paying signi? cant dividends in increased production and reduced formation damage. The underbalanced removal is typically accomplished with coiled-tubing-deployed downhole motors and milling tools.Baker Oil Tools developed its QUIK Drill line of composite products for monobore, multi-zone well applications that do not require high expansion elements to provide zone isolation. QUIK Drill products save the operator time and money by enabling quick and easy installation and removal. While easily deployed on either standard electric-line- or coiled-tubing-conveyed Baker setting equipment, QUIK Drill Composite Bridge Plugs and Composite Frac Plugs can be removed in a fraction of the time required to mill traditional cast iron products, and with reduced formation damage.QUIK Drill Composite Products can be installed under pressure in multizone, commingled gas wells without expensive formation kill-weight ? uids. After remedial operations, the QUIK Drill Plugs are removed with coiled-tubing-conveyed milling equipment using low-viscosity milling ? uids that minimize formation damage and easily remove composite cuttings from the wellbore. This is especially important because of the low annular velocities characteristic of coiled tubing operations. The wellbore is left cleaner than those using cast iron plugs in similar perations. QUIK Drill Composite Products have been tested to withstand high pressures and temperatures without compromising their pressure integrity and without the need for a cement barrier on top of the plug. Field runs have demonstrated that QUIK Drill Composite Products can be milled in as little as thirty minutes, compared to two hours for milling conventional cast iron bridge plugs. Multi-zone, c ommingled gas wells Stimulation and Fracturing QUIK Drill â„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug 31 sing as many as seven QUIK Drill Bridge Plugs have been brought back on production after taking only 12 hours to remove all of the QUIK Drill Plugs, including rig-up and rig-down of the coiled tubing unit. Field runs also indicate QUIK Drill Composite Products can be milled quickly when set at depths exceeding 19,000 ft. Typical Application for the QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug Operator’s Objective: Discretely treat two or more zones having varying bottomhole pressures (BHP) while minimizing formation damage.Solution: Use Baker Oil Tools’ QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug to isolate zones of interest and enable removal in an underbalanced environment. Procedure: Step 1 – Install QUIK Drill under pressure Step 2 – Perform treating operations Step 3 – Remove QUIK Drill with coiled tubing under pressure Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 1: BHP is 11. 4 l b/g