Industrial Clusters Essay Example for Free

Industrial Clusters EssayThe software industry clusters in India had emerged in a few cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Kolkatta, when conducive conditions became available. This paper highlights the information of the software industry clusters along with some setbacks suffered by them, and the pros and cons of industrial clusters. Arora (2007) reported that the early software industry clusters in India had emerged in Bangalore delinquent to the existence of buck private engineering colleges, which provided a large number of fresh engineering graduates for the Indian software companies to provide services for software exports. see moreessay on bangalore cityRamachandran and Ray (2003) mentioned that the late software industry clusters mushroomed in the Indian cities of Hyderabad and Kolkatta due to the impetus provided by the entrepreneurship of the accede as well as the individuals. correspond to Khomiakova (2007), these industry clusters have witnessed s etbacks, which include an overstressed infrastructure, a steep rise in the cost of real estate, and scarcity of skilled professionals due to a progressive increase in demand being more than the supply.Arora (2007) highlighted that the major advantages of the software industry clusters in India include generation of employment for millions of young graduates, enhancement of productivity, and an increase in investments by Indian as well as multinational companies. Consequently, the development of industry clusters has prevented migration of local graduates to other Indian cities, and also, helped in the economic growth of the city, its state and India.However, their major disadvantage has been marginal loss of business and employment in the IT sector of developed countries, which have outsourced work to these industry clusters. The software industry clusters originated due to the prevalence of favorable conditions in some Indian cities, and they have redefined the global business ope rations of the IT industry.

Manti TeO Case Essay Example for Free

Manti TeO Case EssayBy having read the comprising articles and the reader comments on the college football player Manti Teo, this issue has many different meanings to many different readers. And as Gail Collins stated, All I stub say is, the story tells you a lot, this clean-cut ended story clearly does give off a large amount of information and arouses a series of questions that anyone would hope to have answered for a get out understanding. To me, this issue comes off as confusing, disturbing, and at the same time wretched. Even though Teo had explained that he was hoaxed, I still am manifold to what I believe. For some reason, I feel as though he has something to do with the person that has been hoaxing him all this time to make him not look totally foolish. In order for someone to accept to be in an online relationship, they must be absolutely desperate or grasping for a lot of attention. in particular because this is becoming a problem with someone like Manti Teo is j ust puzzling.From someone who is a senior at Notre Dame College, and more than probably having corporationt with a wide variety of different situations, anyone would think he would have had more common sense to go along with something like this. That is why almost individuals, including me, can give a long explanation to why we be confused. After reading these articles, a different question popped up in my liberty chit after every sentence and this situation would be a lot more understandable if they were answered. To make a fake profile, and to use it as a way to make another individual feel sorrow for you is just alarming. It is incredible that straight offs society has people that stimulate and have to deal with situations like this one. The fact that you can be in an extremely serious relationship over the internet, without ever meeting face to face, and knowing that Manti Teo is one of the very many makes this society even more provoking.You hear about these types of issu es more and more as time progresses. This issue is wretched because it is what todays society is evolving to and society makes it okay for issues like this to occur. Television shows, social networking sites, magazines, and movies are putting ideas in peoples head and allowing them to think these types of occurrences are okay to perform. It is just absolutely terrible because issues like this are going to continue to occur because no one is attempting to put an end to it and people see to be just falling into these types of pits more frequently. Consequently, if this situation was to teach anything, it was that our society has a lot ahead of us. Anyone can be a phony, everything in a way can be unreliable, and people need to realize this is become a truly large struggle. Gail Collins statement All I can say is, the story tells you a lot is an understatement. This story tells you much more than a lot and it tells you exactly what our future is beginning to become.

A Review Of Acheson Report Health Essay

A Review Of Acheson Report wellness EssayThe report also c whollys for more funding support to schools in deprived areas, better life history and the concept of health-promoting schools. Benefit levels for providing nutritional meals to children should be increased and food should be more affordable for fulfilling nutritional needs of children.The report also focuses on smoking and drinking problems urging for restrictions on smoking in semipublic places, a ban on tobacco advertising and forward motion, mass educational initiatives, increases in the price of tobacco and the prescriptions for nicotine replacement therapy. The Acheson report also suggests close links between health and mortality rates.The Acheson report has been instrumental in shaping, directing and implementing several changes in the NHS Health polity. Several studies and research reports open been published on the impact and influence of the Acheson report on changes within health care polity. The Acheson r eport place three crucial areas on social gradient and health inequalities and suggested thata high priority should be given to the health of families with children all policies likely to look at an impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequalities steps should be taken to s wear income inequalities and change the living standards of poor households.The Acheson Report and UK Health PoliciesThe Acheson Report 1998, an Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health was similar to the Black Report 1980 and can be considered as a Department of Health review of the evidence on inequalities in health in England.The Department of Health has responded to the Acheson report by taking an official racecourse of action. The Department of Health mentions that tackling health inequalities is a top priority for the presidential term, and is focus on narrowing the health gap between disadvantaged groups, communities and the rest of the country, and on imp roving health overall.The strategy for addressing this problems is published in, Tackling Health Inequalities A Programme for Action that lays the foundations for meeting the Governments target to reduce the health gap on baby mortality and life expectancy by 2010.A programme for action include a three-year plan for tackling health inequalities and to help local organisations improve the way function are delivered to disadvantaged groups.The programme for action in response to the Acheson report is based onSupporting families, mothers and children Engaging Communities and Individuals Preventing Illness and providing Effective treatment and make do Addressing the underlying determinants of healthThe Acheson report suggests that socioeconomic inequalities in health and expectation of life stir been found in England for many years and there have been data identifying differences in longevity by ones socioeconomic position. Inequalities of health are measured in terms of mortality, l ife expectancy or health location and could be categorised by socioeconomic status, ethnic group or gender.The Acheson report suggested that there are differences in the health status of mothers, babies, people of write graduate socioeconomic status and people who smoke or drink heavily. The report definitely shows that death rates are falling in England and the rates have fallen since 1896.Thus life expectancy seems to have risen in the last few years although healthy life expectancy has not been rising. In fact the proportion of people with long standing illness has risen from 15 percent to 22 percent (Acheson Report, 1998).The Acheson report thus gave impudently insights on health policies and identified issues that contribute to an increased rate of mortality and possible ill health. It identified several socioeconomic determinants including income distribution and household below average income, education, employment, housing, homelessness, public sector, transport and heal th related behaviour.Following the report, the Choosing Health White Paper given by the Department of Health sets step to the fore the key principles for documentation the public to make healthier and more informed choices in regards to their health. Through the paper, the Government has provided information and practical support to get people motivated and improve emotional well-being and also provide access to services to encourage people to make healthy choices.The government has also drawn up a food and health action plan that focuses on the ways that better health can be achieved through better nutrition at all stages of life and for different groups in society, recognising and addressing different needs, particularly those of disadvantaged groups (Choosing Health, DH, 2004). The government has also set up the Health value Plan and a new NHS plan for tackling health inequalities81% of people in higher socio-economic groups consider themselves to be in good health now, compar ed with 61% of people in the low groups 76% of people in the higher groups expect to be in good health in 10 years time, compared to 53% of people in the lowest groups (DH, 2004).Putting forward the NHS improvement plan, the Government reiterated the NHS commitment that the NHS is motivated to prevent disease and improve health in general. The Government policies are focused on the fact that inequalities in health cannot be accepted and the fundamental objective is to create healthier choices for disadvantaged groups.The NHS Improvement plan was laid down in 2004 to not only counter health inequalities but also provide better quality of care to patients and provide safer and more effective treatment. The NHS Improvement Plan set out modernisation and health plans putting patients and service users first through more face-to-faceised care a focus on the whole of health and well-being, not only illness and further devolution of decision-making to local organisations. (DH, 2004)Accor ding to the Government report and Action Plan laid out in then Choosing Health White paper the nutritional priorities were given as followsincrease in the average consumption of a variety of crop and vegetables increase in the average intake of dietary fibre to 18 grams per day reducing average intake of salt to 6 grams per dayreduce average intake of saturated fat maintaining the current trends in reducing average intake of total fat reducing the average intake of added booty (Choosing Health White paper, 2004)The Government took several steps to ensure that the recommendations of the Acheson report is considered for any further changes within the NHS. Accordingly major steps have been taken to ensure consumer awareness on the consumption of healthy foods and development of good food habits. Reducing the proportion of fat, salt in the diet has been recommended and retailers and caterers have been asked familiarise healthier range of foods and offer such(prenominal) foods in conv enient stores, centre locations and in remote areas of the city.In a plan to tackle health inequalities, the Government has focused on many plans including Offer people personal health plans with support from the NHS.Recruit NHS health trainers to provide advice and support for people to develop their personal health plans.Provide services in the areas of highest need.Offer disabled people the option of taking up a health check. (DH, 2004)Considering the Acheson report on the amplify problems of health care among pregnant women and children, the government has also provided eligible pregnant women with vouchers that can be exchanged for fresh fruit and vegetables, milk and infant principle through a new scheme called Healthy Start.A Sure Start scheme is also in place for providing training, guidance and support for ahead of time years to children. Practitioners encourage changes in parental behaviour and improve the social and emotional development and physical health of children in the early years. residential area paternal Support Projects are also in place that involves training of lead workers in 500 communities.Healthy Schools programmes are encouraged to target deprived schools including disciple Referral Units. The Government has promoted the concept of healthy schools by 2006, working towards a healthy school status by 2009.The concept of Healthy schools, Sure Start and the invention for providing Parental Support as well as providing people with personal health plans are some of the steps that the government has taken to ensure the promotion of health. Some of the objectives of the Action Plan have been given as follows. Following the Acheson report, the government focus has shifted from the one aimed to meet national targets to a different glide slope that could be given as followsstandards are the main driver for continuous improvements in quality there are fewer national targets there is great scope for addressing local priorities incentive s are in place to support the system and all organisations locally play their part in service modernisation. (Care Standards Planning Framework, 2004). search StudiesWe discuss several studies which deal with the Acheson report. Oliver and Nutbeam (2003) point out that health inequalities has been considered seriously for an approach to improve health care and government policies have been developed to explicitly address existing health inequalities that has become an important issue since Labour has returned to power in 1997.The development of health inequalities policies, have been critically examined to assess how such policies could or should be developed. The authors point out that progress in the development of health inequality policies has been made although the progress is less than expected or ideal.Kisely and Jones (1997) have written on the issues of public health ten years after the Acheson report. They point out that the issue of communicable disease control and the ro le of public health medicine is of considerable concern in the light of outbreaks and NHS reorganisations. The Acheson report seems to have highlighted several issues in this regard. Yet as Kisely and Jones the Reports findings have yet to be fully implemented.The paper calls for a further review of public health function and should include the removal of the specialty from management costs, and the clarification standardisation of the roles of the handler of Public Health (DPH), CPHM and other members of the multi-disciplinary public health team (Kisely and Jones, 1997). Possible organisational implications for a public health approach have also been suggested.Tarlov (1999) has delineated quartet conceptual frameworks providing the bases for constructing public policy strategies for improving population health and this include (1) Determinants of population health. (2) Complex systems (3) An intervention framework for population health improvement. (4) Public policy development process with two phases of public consensus and policy action.The Acheson report can be judged in this context and has provided both a consensus and a policy framework. second to Essay ExamplesConclusionThe research studies and analysis of the Acheson report suggests that the 1998 Acheson report has been extremely influential in shaping Health care policies in the UK and reducing inequalities in health.BibliographyPrimary health care in Londonchanges since the Acheson report. BMJ. 1992 Nov 7305(6862)1130-3.Tarlov AR. Public policy frameworks for improving population health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999896281-93.Blane D. Health inequality and public policy one year on from the Acheson report. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Dec53(12)748.Williams A. Commentary on the Acheson report. Health Econ. 1999 Jun8(4)297-9.Barnes R, Scott-Samuel A. The Acheson report beyond parenthood and apple pie? J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Jun53(6)322-3.Spencer NJ. The Acheson report challenges for the College. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Jun80(6)576-8.Better benefits for health plan to implement the central recommendation of the Acheson report. BMJ. 1999 Mar 13318(7185)724-7.Acheson D. Inequalities in health. Report on inequalities in health did give priority for steps to be tackled. BMJ. 1998 Dec 12317(7173)1659.Oliver A, Nutbeam D. Addressing health inequalities in the United Kingdom a case study. J Public Health Med. 2003 Dec25(4)281-7.Kisely S, Jones J. Acheson revisited public health medicine ten years after the Acheson Report. Public Health. 1997 Nov111(6)361-4.Choosing Health White Paper, DH, 2004NHS Plan, DH publication 2004Acheson Report, DH publication, 1998Inequalities in health, DH publication 1998NHS Improvement Plan, 2004

Tata Motors A Business Strategy Report Marketing Essay

Tata Motors A Business Strategy Report Marketing EssayTata Motors Limited, Indias largest cable car party, is the leader by far-off in commercial vehicles, and the second largest in the passenger vehicles foodstuff with winning products in the compact, mid-size car and utility vehicle segments. The purpose of this report is to study and psychoanalyse the internal and external surroundingss of the cable car assiduity in India. The synopsis should enable us to assess the accepted as well as previous strategies of the troupe and redesign sensitive-sprung(prenominal) strategies for further optimization.Key FindingsThe research shows that Tata Motors has successfully implemented Low-Cost Strategy by providing unmatched value for its customers money. With 50 years of experience, the companionship has successfully served varied needs of its customers by providing an extensive range of products. Tata Motors is a pioneer in RD department which al downhearteds it to constantly in novate and discover new technologies.RecommendationsConsidering the acclivitous economy and changing consumers spending, implementation of Low-Cost Strategy might not benefit in the long run. Consequently, it is recommended that the company should follow differentiation strategy and digest on providing unique goods and services to win over the marketplace from the rivalry players. By bringing revolutionary changes in the market, it would not be unrealistic to trust of a future where customers would forfeit foringly pay for the added value to the product.IntroductionOutline of Business under studyTata Motors, a subsidiary of the Tata group, was formerly known as TELCO (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company). The group takes its name from the founder Jamsedji Tata and has its headquarters at the Bombay House in Mumbai, India. Established in 1945, Tata Motors has more than 4 meg vehicles driving on the Indian roads. It was the first Indian company from the engineering firmame nt to be listed in the New York Stock Exchange. It do its place amongst the worlds superlative three passenger vehicle makers and is currently the leader in commercial vehicle. It also stands as the fourth largest truck and second largest bus producer.The company employs 23,000 workers, who atomic number 18 directed by the vision to become the best in its trading operations and product while staying intact with the business ethics and value system. The multinational a lot hits the headlines because of its takeovers and mergers, especially with the recent acquisition of Jaguar Land Rover (Tata Motors 2011).External Analysis of the Automobile IndustryEver growing Indian population and so the custody, has outgrowthd the number of independent earners. This favourable trend provides a greater scope for the exploitation of automobile manufacture in India. During 2008 the industry had a make do of up to 3.9% in countrys GDP, which is expected to rise to 10% by 2016 (India Retai l Report Q1 2011). Consumer spending on transport is also expected to experience an upwardly trend and advance by 73.2% in 2007-2015. Also, increased investment by the government for better road al-Qaida has further led to a produce in multi-axle vehicles (Euro monitor lizard International 2008).Reason for studying Tata MotorsTata Motors is lately the about talked about company. Over the years it has emerged as a low court vehicle manufacturer with prime focus on innovation. In divergence to its strategy, it would be interesting to learn about its new ventures in the luxury market. The study therefore focuses on closely scrutinising and reviewing its current tactics and verifying for any scope for improvement.Strategic AnalysisMethods Techniques for Data CollectionFor the execution of this research, we conducted an in-depth study of the available secondary data. The self-contained information was verified with the online company records, reports and official websites.Tata Mot ors Internal Records and Annual ReportsCompanies internal records helped us analyzed its current position by revealing its earnings until 2010 and savvy its past strategies and actions.Online DatabasesData retrieved from EBSCOhost database, Factiva database and e-books available online at Deakin library and google scholar proved to be extremely beneficial.Online Websites and Other ResourcesReliable articles, magazines, statistical trends, government websites and other germane(predicate) online sources like fiscal express, further enlightened our knowledge about the company.Text Book and Lecture NotesThe textbook Exploring Corporate Strategy by Gerry Johnson provided us with the mannequin to go about this project. Study guide and lecture notes were also valuable source for information.Business Strategy StatementTata Motors aims to emerge as the world- segmentation automobile leader with the remarkable harm-performance ratio in combination with hyper-efficient engines to acquire the large market share internationally.Tata Motors mission is to create an organisation that people enjoy works(a) for, doing business with and investing in. It focuses on customer needs to provide them a range of innovative products and maintain long-term relations, by working closely with its workforce and business partners. The companys purpose is to consistently create shareholder value by generating greater returns and to foster long lasting ties with the vendors and channel partners (Global Reporting Initiative 2010).The companys quarry is to invest INR28.8billion over the next few years for increasing its production and INR60billion for the expansion of the existing manufacturing plants and in setting up vehicle testing facilities (Automotive Manufacturing Solutions 2010).Tata Motors nonpareil ability to manufacture low cost vehicles provides the company with a greater scope of earning high profit margins and enjoys a greater market share. economic interim has hyped the competition to provide low priced but the best quality vehicles. Understanding rural Indian economy and growing incomes of the farmers, Tata Motors view increased opportunities for its commercial sector (Thakkar 2010). Nevertheless Tata Motors get a range of upcoming Jaguar and Land rover cars for the luxury brand buyers to capture the higher-income/premium customer segment. This could create a greater success for the company in near future.Tata Motors have remarkable advantages of manufacturing in India when compared to other MNC competitors. It benefits from the low labour cost, extensively skilled and interwoven converse and forward linkages, boosting IT engineering, strong auxiliary industry, considerable knowledge of the market, improving infrastructure and increasing house servant demand.Tata Motors aspires to be a world-class maker of quality vehicles by striking balance between the needs of its customers, employee, suppliers, investors and the community as a whole.Analysi s of External Environment of the BusinessMacro Environment analysisEconomic Factors The Indian economy has experienced constant growth due to the increasing per capita income, which grew by 14.2% in 2006-07. The total consumer spending increased by 73.9% during 1995-2007 this is expected to make water 58.2% in 2007-2015 (Euromonitor International 2008).According to the World Factbook (2011), Indias inflation rate rose to 11.7% in 2010 driven by increasing food and fuel prices. Moreover, rising goodness prices and hardening interest rate has posed immense pressure on costs and margins of Indian manufacturers (Mitra Sen 2011).Figure 1 India GDPSource Index Mundi 2011demographic Factors Indias total population of 1.19 billion constitutes 70% potential buyers, which are below 35 years. It is seen that 130 million people had been added to the working population between 2003 and 2009. This indicates an increase in number of people with lesser dependency. The trend is likely to add valu e to vehicle demand with a shift toward high end cars (Automotive billing innovation 2006).Figure 2 Vehicle Sales in IndiaSource India Retail Report Q2 2011Political-Legal Factors Indian government has taken several incentives under the current 11th five year plan (2007-2012) to boost the automobile sector. The Finance bill 2006 has reduced the excise duty on the small cars and duty on raw material which is now 5-7.5% as compared to the previous level of 10%. The Ministry of Finance announced 150% weighted deduction under the income Tax fleck for in- house RD wasting disease for all sectors (Anand 2009). The government has introduced a National Automotive testing and RD Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) which is based on building world class testing and RD infrastructure for vehicles in the country for automotive safety, emission and performance standards in India. Moreover, the Government has allocated a part of its budget for the improvement of road infrastructure (Planning Comm ission 2006).Environmental Factors Increasing consciousness about global change requires production of fuel efficient vehicles. Moreover, diesel fuelled locomotives pose greater panic to the environment as compared to the CNG vehicle (Centre for Science and Environment 2011). Furthermore, Recent disclosure of Euro V standard by the European commission requires India to revise its emission standards (Automotive Mission Plan 2006). Recently legislated carbon tax on coal producers has provided a source of financing clean energy research and development (Building Green Business 2010). expert Factors The automobile industrys spending on RD has increased from US$54.58 million to US$214.26 million in last four years which is 0.8% of the total nations GDP (The pecuniary Express 2008) (Ramanathan 2011). Furthermore, NATRIP is aiming to integrate the strengths of IT and electronics with the automobile engineering sector (Planning Commission 2006).Impact of Macro Environment on Business Ove rall, developing economy with growing working population and consumer spending indicates an increase in the consumer demand, subsequently a growth in the automobile industry. Other prime factors contributing to this trend are improved expenditure on RD, boosting IT and reduced duty on raw materials. However, the escalating fuel and commodity prices and rising interest rates slew obstruct industrys progress.Thus PESTEL analysis shows that mainly the economic and demographic factors are likely to be the main drivers for the advancement of automobile industry in future.Industry AnalysisThreat of new entrant Emerging Indian market is attracting automobile companies from all over the world. International car rental firms are posing a greater threat with nearly twelve brands, expected to enter the market (Gupta Shekhar 2010).However, Tata Motors enjoys economies of scale and level of experience, consequently challenging for the new entrants.Figure 1 Five force frameworkSource Johnson, Whittington Scholes 2011Bargaining power of buyers Increasing liquid income and availability of better alternatives have raised the customer expectations and array of choice. This has led to a decline in consumer loyalty towards particular vehicle brand. Indian consumers are now enjoying the greater bargaining power (Gupta Shekhar 2010).Bargaining power of Suppliers The Indian auto component industry has witnessed a strong growth during 1995-2005, subsequently making automobile one of the fastest growing Industry. Increased availability of supply sources has lowered suppliers bargaining power. This squirt be seen in Tata Motors extended forward and backward vertical integration of its value filament through acquisition or creation of steel, manufacturing and retail operations (Zahrai 2009).Rivalry between Competitors Indian automobile industry is highly competitive with three major players, namely Maruti Suzuki, Tata and Hyundai. Tata Motors and Hyundai Motors have nearly equa l percentage of market share, although less than Maruti Suzuki. An important factor, which adds fuel to the competition, is that all major vehicle providers are highly competent to pursue opportunities with aggressive strategies.Figure Market Share of rider Vehicle Providers (2010-2011)Source Adapted from The Economic Times 2011Threat of Substitutes Automobile industry in India may fear the rapid development of public transport, most economical and speedy creation metros.The analysis infers that four forces are strong enough to make this industry less attractive. However, to survive Tata Motors need to closely monitor the competitor actions and respond quickly to the changes in customer needs and expectations.Strategy CanvasSource Adapted from Taylor 2011Critical Success FactorsThe Critical Success Factors will enable Tata Motors to gain competitive advantage over the competitors to enter the blue ocean.Economies of Scale Reaping the benefits of economies of scale, Tata Motors has been able to establish itself as a successful low cost provider (Business India Intelligence, 2008).Diversification Tata Motors product line ranges from worlds cheapest car to expensive models such as Jaguar and Land Rover to trucks passing the million unit return mark reaping the benefits of economies of scale (Maekawa 2008).Innovation Today the company employs over 2000 engineers and scientists, providing a leading edge in RD. This endowed technological capability has allowed constant innovations, thus serving the unique needs of the customers (IBEF 2010).Analysis of Internal Environment of the BusinessCompanys Capabilities and StrengthsTata Motors have distinctive capability due to its comparative advantage in producing low cost cars, which is out of the reach of competitors.The value chain for Tata Motors starts with the IT teams innovation as a tool for business growth.Primary ActivitiesInbound logistics such as Tata causality Co., Tata Steel help them gain economics of scale .RD, designing, manufacturing, assembling, Kaizen TPM teams for testing and packaging to improve its operating efficiency.To capture significant market, it provides variety of light and heavy commercial, utility vehicles, and passenger cars. Tata distribution Company limited (TDCL) provides logistics support for distribution.The company optimized its cost on sales and marketing to ensure awareness about their latest launches.Easily reachable service centres, 24 hours IT Service desk and Tata AIG insurance finance facilities provide an ease to the customers (Tata Motors 2011).Support activitiesTata constantly strives on innovation by providing its employees with a room for development through vocational and cross-functional training programs. Its HR process has been automated for far reaching profits.Competitive Strength of BusinessTata Motors give tough competition to other players in automobile industry with its strong low cost strategies like production of Tata Nano. These sche mes provide value for service to customers.SWOT AnalysisStrengthsWeaknessesStrong domestic player with a turnover of approximately $15,771.6 million in 2009.Extensive range of commercial and passenger vehicles with several variants to suit customer preferences.INR50,154million expenditure on robust research and development (RD) capability with Strong engineering skills in designing.Enjoys Low labour cost by manufacturing in India. Ultra cheap Nano, which was knowing to replace the two wheelers with an affordable four-wheeler, was their greatest handment.Tata Motors had debt of INR435, 815 million at the end March 2009, which unable cash inflow and degrades creditworthiness.General public associate Tata as low price and hence low quality, however this image may not do well in the premium sector.Inferior labour productivity and lean production...OpportunitiesThreatsTechnical know-how may transfer from Jaguar Land Rover and also the premium brand can benefit from reduced cost.Emergi ng market of India with increasing income levels.Infrastructure development in India will further increase the vehicle demand.Fuel efficient and eco prosperous cars may find its way into the market.The price of raw materials is increasing and the company cannot pass the burden to its non-affluent customers.Rising fuel prices may have an adverse effect.Cost of meeting environmental regulations.Global financial crisis of 2007-08 has lead to financial crunch thereby rising the interest rates.Developing markets has attracted severe competition which could jeopardise Tatas position.Source Datamonitor 2010Strategy and CultureTata Motors have a distinct way of doing business, more profoundly known as, The TATA way. The most deeply engraved value in the company is trust. The companys logo, leadership with trust personifies peoples belief in the brand. Thus the company respects the trust embedded in it by many and strives to honour its commitments. Other five core values that underpin the Tata way of doing business implicate integrity, responsibility, unity, understanding and excellence (Tata Motors 2011).The corporate governance of the company originates from its rich legacy of ethical, fair and transparent governance practices followed since ages, even before they were made mandatory by fostering highest standards of professionalism, integrity, honesty and ethical conduct (Corporate Sustainability Report 2008).Information and power passes through a vertical hierarchy with CEO being the foremost authority. The vice chairman of Tata Motors, Ravi Kant, attaches greater importance to communication. He strongly believes oral communication helps one understand the behavioural pattern. As a leader, the form language, communication style and the way of treating employees matter the most because the followers observes and take their own cues. Friendly relations with workers allow easy flow of ideas, thereby supporting greater yield. Further, Code of Corporation Disclosure Practices confirms transparent declaration of its operations (Business Strategy Review 2010). Company successfully integrates advanced international HR commission processes by retaining local managers in recent acquisition and transferring few senior managers from India. This makes exchange and adaption to new expertise easier while maintaining the companys core values.Quality has always remained the al-Qaida of the Tata way of business as such a formal system to scale the performance of different companies was introduced. TQMS help companies under the Tata group to conduct and resurrect its business endeavours especially in relation to business excellence and ethics. Further, JRD Quality Value Awards named after the late chairman of the group, JRD Tata where incorporated for ensuring and encouraging quality consciousness. The pureness acknowledges the company within the group that achieves highest level of quality and excels quality management (Tata Motors 2011). Such practice s entrench a learning environment that would consequently help achieve leadership in the marketplace by constantly striving to become the best. Strict fellowship of companys culture has allowed it to smoothly adhere to its strategy.Business Strategy weftTata Motors has constantly strived to be a low cost leader in the automobile market. Thus by employing Low cost strategy, it has made its presence snarl especially in the untapped and developing markets like India. The most evident example is that of the ultra-low cost Nano. However, with increasing interest rates, raw material and fuel prices the company may not be able to sustain this strategy in the long run.Nevertheless, macro environment analysis suggests that economic growth and rising disposable incomes may increase the potential luxury vehicle buyers. Thus, TATAs acquisitions of Jaguar Land Rover seem to be a sound decision. Also, the ever-increasing competition in the industry requires Tata to implement Differentiation str ategy. In accordance to this strategy, the company moldiness focus on providing unique goods and services to win over the market from the rivalry players. This would allow the company to enjoy a premium price that the customers would willingly pay for the added value to the product.Implementation of this strategy can be a piece of stripe for Tata Motors if it duly considers the following-Strategy executionIndulge in aggressive RD to ensure innovations that can add value to the product at minimum cost. This will include designing sophisticated eye-catching models.Adopt sustainable practices and maintain healthy relations with all the members of the value chain and constantly upgrade their knowledge by encouraging a learning environment.Conduct surveys to keep the company updated with the current demands of the buyers and meet them much before the rivals.Rising awareness about global warming and ever increasing fuel prices will see a growth in the green car sector. Thus adding super efficient engine and eco friendly vehicles to the companys portfolio will win a greater market.Improving the budgetRegardless of the growing profits, the company must focus on getting rid of the substantial debts and avoid deals that may degrade their creditworthiness.Focus on improving global sales for speedy recovery of fixed cost.OutsourcingOutsourcing of trivial operations is worth the expenditure as it allows the company to concentrate on vital jobs involve to stimulate differentiation.Ensuring ImprovementThe company must encourage interaction between the supply chain members for constant up gradation of the market demand and quicker delivery, thereby directing efforts towards the improvement of production time cycle.Promoting customization, where buyers can customize their vehicles as per their craving, can be an attraction for experimenters.Capturing greater chunk of market by launching altered models with varied prices for each segment.ConclusionThe study shows a brighter future for the automobile industry in India. However, vigorous scope for the development of this market has attracted many players. Availability of numerous alternatives and substitutes has further increased customers expectations. Also, the growing youth market comprises of the experimenters, who desire up gradations and new innovations in their possessions. All these analyses provide Tata Motors to become more sensitive to the needs of the buyers and ensure is execution much before the rivals. The company must constantly explore new markets and ensure new innovations because the risk takers are the profit makers. Over and above the company can segment the market and have something for everyone in order to capture a major proportion of the market.Understanding the immense competition where every automobile company is fighting to become the best, Tata Motors is required to build additional competencies. The brand must stabilise its position as a leader in the commercial vehicle mark et and set new trends in the passenger. The recommended differentiation strategy will give the company a leading edge through its careful implementation and execution.

Anemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes and Effects

Anemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes and EffectsAnemia is defined as the decline in the number of the normal number of (RBCs) Red Blood Cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood of the individual at the specific age and life phase ascribable to which the oxygen carrying subject matter of the blood gets reduced (Medicine Net- definition of Anemia, 2000). WHO defines anaemia by fall in the hemoglobin below the threshold limit for explicit age and body stand for as limit in g/dL for- children (0.5 to 5 years) is 11, children (5 to 12 years) is 11.5, children 12 to 15 years) is 12, women non-pregnant (15 years) is 12, pregnant women is 11 and men (15 years) is 13 (WHO, 2008).Anemia go off be categorized according to the morphological size of the Red Blood Corpuscles, diagnosed by the microscopic examination of encircling(prenominal) blood smear through the tally called Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). The normal size of RBCs is 80-100 femtolitre (fl.) and anemic indeed called Normocytic anaemia but if the cells are gauzyer than normal 80 fl and anemic then named Microcytic genus Anemia if larger than 100fl. then anemia is classified as Macrocytic anemia. In the Macrocytic anemic condition the most special K etiology is Megaloblastic anemia which is due to insufficiency of Vitamin B12 or folic acid or both. The deficiency of Vitamin B12 or pteroylglutamic acid can be either due to inadequate intake or panty absorption by the body. Vitamin B12 deficiency produce neurological symptoms, but the vitamin M deficiency does not produce such publication. The lack of intrinsic means mandatory to soak up Vitamin B12 from the diet causes the Megaloblastic anemic and the condition is called pernicious anemia. The shortage of intrinsic factor whitethorn arise from an elevator car immune condition aiming the parietal cells or the gastric lining (atrophic gastritis) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself- which lead to poor absorption of the Vitamin B12. The removal of the functional ascribe of the stomach can be caused during the process of gastric bypass surgical procedure leads to reduced Vitamin B12 or vitamin M absorption.Prevalence of condition bad anemia accounts for about 80 % of megaloblastic anemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Parietal cell antibody and antibodies to intrinsic factor are found in well all cases. 90% of patients have antibodies to parietal cells and their components including antibodies to intrinsic factor and proton pump H, K-ATPase (Burman Mardh et.al., 1989). About 50 percent of the patients have thyroid antibodies (Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2008). lethal anemia may be associated with simple gastric atrophy in 15% of people age 40-60 and 20 to 30% of the older population. Pathology shows that gastritis with all layers of the body and fundus atrophied. The antrum is spared in more than 80% of patients (Merck Manual).The prevalence of the pernicious anemia in general population is not known and is difficult to ascertain because of diverse etiologies and different assays that is radioassay or chemoilluminescence. The incidence of the disease is 110,000 in northern Europe. The disease occurs in all races. The peak age is 60 and the condition is more common in those with blue eyes, early graying, a positive family history and blood group A. The condition has female male ratio of 1.6 1.0 (Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2008). Pernicious anemia may be first diagnosed incidentally during the investigation of reversible diarrhea (Marty, 1984).The recent WHO review has shown that the majority of the data on the prevalence of folate and Vitamin B12 deficiencies has been derived from relatively small and local surveys and these along with the national surveys data from few of the countries suggest that both of these deficiencies may be a public health problem that could affect legion(predicate) a(prenominal) million of peop le throughout the world. Low blood concentrations of the vitamins occur across the population groups and in countries in various stages of development. There is strong evidence of offhand relationship between low maternal folate intake or lower status and change magnitude risk of neural tube defects- and for protective effect of folic acid supplementation or consumption of fortified foods, in the preconception period, against the neural defects. This association has been confirmed in 2 randomized clinical trials, in large scale supplementation trials in China, and from post-fortification data of the countries standardized United States of America, Chile and Canada (WHO, 2008).The evidence of the relation between the serum or plasma folate concentrations and cognitive function is weaker in children than in adults. Some studies have reported lower scores in the school children with low folate status (Borjel Nilsson et.al., 2005). African -American populations are known to have a n earlier age presentation (Chanarin, 1979). According to WHO review in United Kingdom among pregnant women 15.2 percent are anemic, among non-pregnant women of fruitful age about 8.8 percent are anemic, and among pre-school age children 8 percent are anemic. (WHO- Global database on Anemia)Path physiology of conditionStructure of Vitamin B12Vitamin B12 structurally is a obscure molecule in which a cobalt atom is present in a corrin ring. Basically, Vitamin B12 is present in the animal protein.Vitamin Storage in the proboscisLiver stores about half of the total body stores of about 2-5 milligrams. The recommended daily intake for adults is 2 mcg/d, pregnant and lactating women is 2.6mcg/d while children get hold of 0.7mcg/d and adolescents up to 2mcg/day. Vitamin B12 is highly conserved through the entero-hepatic circulation, antipernicious anemia factor deficiency from mal-absorption develops after 2 to 5 years and the deficiency from dietary inadequacy in vegetarians develops after 10 to 20 years.Vitamin Absorption mechanismThe low pH of stomach cleaves cobalamin from the ingested dietary proteins. The free cobalamin binds to the gastric R ligature (a glycoprotein in saliva) and the complex travels to the duodenum and jejunum, where pancreatic peptidases digest the complex and release cobalamin. The free cobalamin is capable then to bind with gastric intrinsic factor (IF), a glycoprotein produced by the gastric parietal cells, the secretion of which parallels that of hydrochloric acid. That is why in states of achorhydria, IF secretion is reduced, leading to cobalamin deficiency. Significantly, only 99 percent of the ingested cobalamin requires intrinsic factor for absorption. Up to 1 percent of free cobalamin is passively absorbed through the terminal ileum. Due to this logic oral replacement of the Vitamin B12 with large quantities is suggested for Pernicious anemic conditions (Weir Scott et.al, 1998).As the intrinsic factor binds with Vitamin B12, resistance develops for further digestion of Vitamin B12. The complex travels to the distal ileum and binds to specific mucosal brush border receptor, Cublin- which facilitates the internalization of the cobalamin IF complex in an energy dependant process. Once internalized, IF is removed and cobalamin transferred to the other transport proteins transcobalamin I, II, III (TCI, TCII, TCIII). About 80% of cobalamin is bound to TCI/III, whose function in the cobalamin metabolism is unidentified. The remaining 20 percent binds with TCII, which is the physiological transport protein produced by endothelial cells. Its half life is 6-9 minutes because the deliverance to station tissues is fast.Cobalamin TCII complex is secreted into the portal blood where it is taken up mainly in the liver and bone marrow and some other tissues. The phase when it reaches the cytoplasm, cobalamin is liberated from the complex by lysosomal degradation. The enzyme mediated reduction process of the cobalt o ccurs by cytoplasmic methyl groupation to contrive methylcobalamin or by mitochondrial adenosylation to form adenosylcobalmin- which are the two main active forms of cobalamin (Weir Scott, 1999).Role of Vitamin B12 in bone marrow functionMethylcobalamin in the cytoplasm- acts as cofactor for the methionine synthesis by allowing transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) to homocysteine (HC), forming methionine and demethylated tetrahydrofolate (THF). This results in decrease in the take of homocysteine in the serum, which appears to be toxic to the endothelial cells. Methionine is further metabolized to S-adenosylmethinine. THF is utilized in the DNA synthesis. The polyglutamate converted form of THF participated in the purine synthesis and the conversion of deoxyuridylate (dUTP) to deoxythymidine monophospahe (dTMP), which is then phosphorylated to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). dTTP is required for DNA synthesis, thus in VitaminB12 deficiency- the formation of dTTP and the accumulation of 5-methyl THF is inadequate, trapping folate in tits unusable form, thereby leading to impeded DNA synthesis. RNA contains dTP (deoxyuracil triphosphate) instead of dTTP, allowing for protein synthesis to proceed uninterrupted and resulting in macrocytosis and cytonuclear dissociation.After folate deficiency, as equal mechanisms are responsible to cause macrocytosis and cytonuclear dissociation that is why both deficiencies lead to Megaloblastic anemia and disordered maturation in the granulocytic linkages, therefore folate supplementation can reverse the hemotologic abnormalities of Vitamin B12 deficiency but has no impact on the neurological abnormalities of vitamin B12 deficiency.Pernicious anemia is commonly seen in individuals having atrophic gastritis, auto immune destruction of gastric parietal cells which leads to lack of intrinsic factor for the absorption of Vitamin B12 and this ultimately give rise to Vitamin B12 deficiency (K umar, 2007). The loss of the ability to absorb Vitamin B12 is the most common cause of adult vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 and folate co enzyme are required for the thymidylate and purine synthesis, thus their deficiency results in retarded DNA synthesis. In folate and Vitamin B12 deficiency the defect in DNA synthesis affects other rapidly dividing cells as well, which may be manifested as glossitis, skin changes and flattening of the intestinal villi (Masnou Llavat et.al., 2007). The synthesis of DNA may also be delayed when certain chemotherapeutic agents like folate anstagonists (methotrexate), purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine) and pyrimidine antagonists are used. In addition to non explicit symptoms of anemia, exact features of Vitamin B12 deficiency include peripheral neuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, which results in balance difficulties from posterior column spinal cord pathology (Niranjan, 2006).Dietary linksMost of the microorga nisms even including bacterium and algae- synthesize vitamin B12 and they form the only main source of this vitamin (Chanarin, 1979). The Vitamin B12 synthesized in the microorganisms enters the human food chain through amalgamation into the food of the animal origin. In many animals, gastrointestinal zymosis supports the growth of these Vitamin B12 forming microorganisms and consequently the vitamin is absorbed into the animal tissues. This is principally accurate for the liver- where the vitamin B 12 is stored in the large quantities. The products from the herbivorous animals like milk, gist and eggs thus comprise the significant dietary source of the vitamin, unless the animal is surviving in one of the many regions in the world which is geochemically deficient in cobalt (Smith, 1987).Milk from cows and humans contains binders with very high affinity for Vitamin B12, though whether they hamper or promote intestinal absorption is not all clear. Omnivores and carnivores, includ ing humans derive dietary vitamin B12 almost exclusively from animal tissues or products like milk, butter, cheese, eggs, meat, poultry etc. This appears that the vitamin B12 derived from the microflora in any appreciable quantities, although vegetable fermentation preparations have been reported as being possible sources of vitamin B12 (Berg Dagnelie et.al., 1988). About pint of milk contains 1.2g, a slice of vegetarian cheddar cheese 40gm contains 50g, 1 turn egg contains 0.7g of Vitamin B12. The process fermentation in order to prepare yoghurt destroys ofttimes of the B12 present. Boiling milk can also destroy much of the vitamin B12 present in it (Vegatarian Society England- Information Sheet).The compensatement of vitamin B12 deficiency linked anemia is not permanent as the temporary cure and the cessation of the anemia related symptoms depends on the repletion of the Vitamin B12. The most accessible or inexpensive method to replenish vitamin B12 is through dietary supplem entation in the of sublingual B12 tablets easy widely throughout the world. The oral and sublingual B12 are absorbed equally well but in the study subjects were not selected to be having pernicious anemia. anemic patients may need sublingual cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin tablets which permits absorption through the mucous membrane of the mouth thus bypassing the gastrointestinal tract completely therefore no risk of intrinsic factor discrepancy (Sharabi Sulkes et.al., 2003).In some studies oral tablets were used but they were required in very high doses to treat pernicious anemia were required (Lederle, 1998). The effectiveness of the high dose of vitamin B12 tablets to treat ordinary pernicious anemia is very well established. High oral judgeship allows B12 to be absorbed in places other than the terminal ileum. In a study it was found that oral B12 repletion was more effective than injections (Butler Vidal, 2006). Innovative preference methods of administering B12, inclu ding nasal sprays and behind the ear patches. In small study in mid 1997 with just 6 participants found that the intranasal administration of B12 led to increases in plasma cobalamin even up to 8 times of the given patients baseline measurement (Slot Merkus et.al., 1997).Evidence from epidemiological studiesAccording to the epidemiological study conducted in 2005 Pernicious anemia is more common in type diabetics than in non-diabetic subjects, but it is clinically silent until its end stage. The high prevalence of latent Pernicious anemia in Diabetes mellitus type 1 patients leads to the recommendation of screening using serum pepsinogen 1 concentrations (Nuria Lusia, 2005).The risk of cancers of buccal cavity, stomach and colon along with lymphoma and leukemia is shown to be increased in case reports of patients in hospital based and cross sectional studies in a cohort study of 1993. Even the cancer of esophagus and pancreas also remain elevated throughout the study and the follo w-up period (Hsing Hansson et.al., 1993).The epidemiological study conducted in 1996 among U.S. population has shown that undiagnosed pernicious anemia is a common get a lineing in the elderly people of United States with undiagnosed and untreated pernicious anemia and is having possibility for masked cobalamin deficiency (Carmel, 1996).The study conducted in 2003 to find the link between infection of H.Pylori and the gastric autoimmune diseases like pernicious anemia. This epidemiological study has depicted that the frequent detection of H pylori in subjects with early gastric autoimmunity indicated by parietal cell antibodies suggests that- H. pylori could have crucial role to play in the induction and the maintenance of the autoimmunity at the gastric level (Fabio Beatrice et.al., 2003).ConclusionsAs the totally vegetarians do not consume any animal products, they are at high risk of create vitamin B12 deficiency. It is generally agreed that in some communities the only sourc e of vitamin B12 is from contamination of food by microorganisms. When vegetarians move to countries where there are high standards of hygiene and the rules of sanitation are stringent, there is pricey evidence that risk of vitamin B12 deficiency increases in adults and particularly in children born to and breastfed by women who are strict vegans.As standards of hygiene improve in developing countries, there is a concern that the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency might occur or increase. This should be ascertained by estimating plasma vitamin B12 levels, preferably in alinement with plasma levels in representative adult populations and in infants. Further research needs include Ascertaining the contribution that fermented vegetable foods make to the vitamin B12 status of vegans communities.Investigating the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in developing countries to determine its extent in exacerbating vitamin B12 deficiency.Relation of pernicious anemia with the fatal or other chronic diseases like those of endocrinal, cardiac or renal system.Dietary or supplementary innovative methods are still to be researched to find easy suitable methods to manage vitamin B12 deficiency.To find permanent cure of the disease by some biological stem cell therapy method or repair of the gastric lining to cover up the deficiency of intrinsic factor and break down the pathological cycle of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

"The Yellow Wallpaper", A Descent Into MadnessIn the nineteenth century, women in literature were often portrayed as instrumental to men. Literature of the period often characterized women as oppressed by society, as well as by the male influences in their lives. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman presents the tragic story of a womans descent into depression and madness because of this oppression.The narrators declining mental health is reflected through the characteristics of the house she is trapped in and her husband, while trying to treasure her, is actually destroying her. The narrator of the story goes with her doctor/husband to stay in a colonial mansion for the summer. The house is supposed to be a fructify where she can recover from sever postpartum depression. According to Jennifer Fleissner, "naturalist characters like the narrator of Gilmans "The Yellow Wallpaper" is shown obsessed with the details of an entrapping interior ity. In such an prototype we see naturalisms clearest alteration of previous understandings of gender its refiguration of domestic spaces, and hence, domestic identity according to the narrative of repetitive work and compulsion that had once served to distinguish frequent life from a sentimentary understood floor" Fleissner 59."The Yellow Wallpaper" is a fictionalized account of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans own postpartum depression. Gilman was a social critic and feminist who wrote prolifically or so the necessity of social and sexual equality, particularly about womens need for economic independence. According to critic Valarie Gill, "Gilman attached the nineteenth centurys configuration of private space as womans domain and its attendant generalizations about femininity. Gilman seeks to blur the distinction between private and public life. Gilman unflaggingly urged her audience to consider their logic in assigning women to the home. The composition of home life altered radically between the beginning and final decades of the nineteenth century" (17).The narrator loves her baby, but knows she is not able to take care of him. "It is favored Mary is so good with the baby. Such a deer baby And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me nervous" (Gilman 359). The symbolism utilized by Gilman is fairly askew from the conventional. A house us... ...ver been written to show why so many woman go crazy, especially farmers wives, who live lonely, monotonous lives. A husband of the kind described that he could not account for his wifes having gone insane & amp8211 for, said he, "to my certain knowledge she has hardly left her kitchen and bedroom in 30 years" (60). Critic Sharon Felton says, "Even if we should move back every legal and political discrimination against women even if we should accept their true dignity and power as a sex so long as their universal business is private housework they remain, industrially, at the leve l of private domestic land drive and economically a non productive, dependent class . The wonder is not that so many women break down, but so few" (273). Critic Sharon Felton "Even if we should remove every legal and political discrimination against women even if we should accept their true dignity and power as a sex so long as their universal business is private housework they remain, industrially, at the level of private domestic hand labor and economically a non productive, dependent class &8230.The wonder is not that so many women break down, but so few."(273)

Roman Woman Profile Essay -- Sculpture Art Roman Essays

Roman Woman ProfileThe sculpture that we have observed has been dated to the first half of the first century C.E. This places the depicting during the Julio-Claudian period in Roman history. From the information we have gathered about the time period, the womans style of dress and of the types of sculpture prevelant during the period, we have formed a come-at-able profile of the daily life of the subject.It was determined that the wowork force in the portrait was most likely a freeborn, upper-middle class citizen of Rome. The portrait seems to have been a part of a funerary monument, a conclusion which was drawn due to the pattern of cleavage observed at the back of her head and the sides of her face. It was also observed that there was a piece of metal in the back of the head which could have been used to clasp the head to the monument. Comparisons with other known funerary monuments corroberate with this explanation. Since this is the likely case, several determinations lav be m ade. Not many funerary monuments were made for the lower class, but for the upper class, parents often prepared funerary monuments for their daughters after having married them off (Pomeroy 149-189). utilise this rationale, it can be concluded that she remained in the upper class after marriage, as upper class women were often married to upper class men (Pomeroy 149-189). The veristic form of sculpturing used led us to believe that she was not a part of the elite court class, for during the Julio-Claudian period, most portraits of upper class women were of the idealistic, eternal juvenility imagery, exhibiting smooth, beautiful features (Kleiner 139). The portrait of our Julio-Claudian matron, however, exhibited many realistic features that would not exemplify be... ...ed only women and some at which both men and women were present. She had leadership over her household, including her children and slaves, though she was instrumental to her husband.Works CitedCormack, S. (1996). The Domestic Realm. In D. E. Kleiner and S. B. Matheson (Eds.) I Claudia Women in Ancient Rome (pp. 167). University of Texas Press. Austin, TX.Johansen, F. (1994). Catalogue. In A. M Neilson (Ed). Roman Portraits I. (pp. 246-7). Bianco Luno Copenhagen.Kleiner, Diana E. (1992). Art under the Julio-Claudians. Roman Sculpture. (pp. 139). New Haven, Bt Yale University Press.Peradotto, J. (1984). Women in the Ancient World. (pp. 241) New York, NY State University of New York Press.Pomeroy, S. (1976). The Roman matron of the late republic and early empire. Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves. (pp. 149-189). New York, NY Schocken Books.